{"id":2572,"date":"2018-11-09T21:44:39","date_gmt":"2018-11-09T19:44:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/?p=2572"},"modified":"2021-05-16T19:07:58","modified_gmt":"2021-05-16T16:07:58","slug":"r-giris","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/","title":{"rendered":"R &#8211; Giri\u015f"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<!-- Facebook Like Button Vivacity Infotech BEGIN -->\n<div class=\"fb-like\" data-href=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/\" data-layout=\"standard\" data-action=\"like\" data-show-faces=\"false\" data-size=\"small\" data-width=\"450\" data-share=\"1\" ><\/div>\n<!-- Facebook Like Button Vivacity Infotech END -->\n\n<p><a name=\"topr\"><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">R, istatistiksel hesaplama ve grafikler i\u00e7in bir dil ve ortamd\u0131r. T-testi, ki-kare testleri, standart do\u011frusal modeller, enstr\u00fcmental de\u011fi\u015fkenler tahmini, yerel polinom regresyonlar\u0131, vb. gibi \u00e7ok say\u0131da istatistiksel prosed\u00fcr i\u00e7erir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda y\u00fcksek seviye grafik yetenekleri sa\u011flar. R, \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli UNIX platformlar\u0131 ve benzer sistemleri (FreeBSD ve Linux dahil), Windows ve MacOS \u00fczerinde derlenir ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. John Chambers ve meslekta\u015flar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan Bell Laboratories&#8217;de (eskiden AT &amp; T, \u015fimdi Lucent Technologies) geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">R \u00fccretsiz ve a\u00e7\u0131k kaynakt\u0131r, yani kodlar\u0131na bakabilirsiniz. Windows, Mac OS, Unix, Linux gibi bilinen ana platformlarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Veri nesneleri ve komut dosyalar\u0131 bu platformlar aras\u0131nda sorunsuz bir \u015fekilde payla\u015f\u0131labilir.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">R, veri i\u015fleme, hesaplama ve grafik g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme i\u00e7in entegre bir yaz\u0131l\u0131md\u0131r. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">R;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Etkili bir veri ta\u015f\u0131ma ve depolama imkani,<\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Diziler, \u00f6zellikle matrisler \u00fczerinde hesaplamalar i\u00e7in bir operat\u00f6r grubu,<\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Veri analizi i\u00e7in geni\u015f, tutarl\u0131, b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fik orta d\u00fczey ara\u00e7 koleksiyonu,<\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Veri analizi ve ekranda ya da bas\u0131l\u0131 olarak g\u00f6sterilmesi i\u00e7in grafiksel \u00f6zellikler ve ko\u015fullu, d\u00f6ng\u00fc, kullan\u0131c\u0131 tan\u0131ml\u0131 \u00f6zyinelemeli fonksiyonlar, girdi ve \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 olanaklar\u0131 i\u00e7eren iyi geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f, basit ve etkili bir programlama dilidir.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Veri bilimi yolculu\u011funuza ba\u015flamak i\u00e7in aslinda R iyi bir se\u00e7im, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc veri bilimini desteklemek i\u00e7in s\u0131f\u0131rdan tasarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. R sadece bir programlama dili de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda veri bilimi yapmak i\u00e7in etkile\u015fimli bir ortamd\u0131r. Etkile\u015fimi desteklemek i\u00e7in, R, akranlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fundan \u00e7ok daha esnek bir dildir. Bu esneklik olumsuzluklar\u0131 ile birlikte gelir, ancak en olumlu y\u00f6n\u00fc, veri bilimi s\u00fcrecinin belirli b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri i\u00e7in uyarlanm\u0131\u015f dil bilgileri geli\u015ftirmenin ne kadar kolay oldu\u011fudur. Bu mini diller, beyniniz ve bilgisayar aras\u0131ndaki ak\u0131c\u0131 etkile\u015fimi desteklerken, bir veri bilimcisi olarak sorunlar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmenize yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>K\u0131saca R, veri i\u015fleme, hesaplama ve grafik g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme i\u00e7in entegre bir yaz\u0131l\u0131m dilidir. Etkin bir veri i\u015fleme ve depolama, diziler \u00fczerinde hesaplamalar i\u00e7in bir operat\u00f6r grubu, \u00f6zellikle matrislerle veri analizi i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck, tutarl\u0131, b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fik bir ara ara\u00e7lar koleksiyonu, veri analizi i\u00e7in grafiksel \u00f6zellikler ve ekranda ya da ekran d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme olana\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7erir. Ko\u015fullu, d\u00f6ng\u00fcleri, kullan\u0131c\u0131 tan\u0131ml\u0131 \u00f6zyinelemeli i\u015flevleri ve girdi ve \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 olanaklar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren, iyi geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f, basit ve etkili bir programlama dilidir.<br><a name=\"R-ortam\u0131\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2>R-ortam\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>R ortam\u0131 R ve Rstudio\u2019 dan olu\u015fur. \u00d6nce R \u2018taban\u2019(base\u2019) olarak <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/genomicsclass\/windows#installing-r\">https:\/\/github.com\/genomicsclass\/windows#installing-r<\/a> \u2018den i\u015fletim sistemi \u00fczerine kurulur. Kurulum ad\u0131mlar\u0131 link\u2019 te detayl\u0131 olarak bulunmaktad\u0131r. Daha sonra yine buradan Rtools ve Rstudio kurulu\u015flar\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>RStudio R kodu yazmak, \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak ve R ile analiz yapmaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan Word, excel gibi bir yaz\u0131l\u0131m program\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>R studio y\u00fckledikten sonra t\u0131kland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda 3-4 panel i\u00e7eren bir pencerede a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r. Her biri farkl\u0131 bilgileri takip eder. Kaynak(Source) paneli R Scriptleri olu\u015fturdu\u011funuz ve d\u00fczenledi\u011finiz yerdir &#8211; yani kod koleksiyonunuz buradad\u0131r. Endi\u015felenmeyin, R betikleri sadece .R uzant\u0131s\u0131na sahip metin dosyalar\u0131d\u0131r. RStudio&#8217; yu a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda, otomatik olarak yeni bir Ads\u0131z komut dosyas\u0131 ba\u015flat\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Konsol(Console) paneli ise R bilgisayar dilinde yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f komutlar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131raca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z yerdir, yani R\u2019 \u0131n kalbidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Di\u011fer panel ise Ortam\/Ge\u00e7mi\u015f\/Ba\u011flant\u0131lar (Environment\/History\/Connections) sekmelerinden olu\u015fur. Ortam sekmesi, ge\u00e7erli R oturumunuzda tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z t\u00fcm veri nesnelerini (vekt\u00f6rler, matrisler ve veri \u00e7er\u00e7eveleri gibi) g\u00f6sterir. R yorumlay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ilk kez \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda bir ortam yarat\u0131l\u0131r. Tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z her de\u011fi\u015fken art\u0131k bu ortamdad\u0131r. Veri nesnelerindeki g\u00f6zlem say\u0131s\u0131 ve sat\u0131r say\u0131s\u0131 gibi bilgileri de burada g\u00f6rebilirsiniz. Sekmede ayr\u0131ca, \u00f6nemli veri i\u00e7in bir grafik kullan\u0131c\u0131 arabirimi (GUI) a\u00e7acak olan &#8220;Veriyi \u0130\u00e7e Aktar&#8221;( &#8220;Import Dataset&#8221;) gibi birka\u00e7 t\u0131klanabilir eylem vard\u0131r. Ge\u00e7mi\u015f (History) sekmesinde ise daha \u00f6nce Konsolda yazm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funuz t\u00fcm kodlar\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fini g\u00f6rebilirsiniz. Ba\u011flant\u0131lar sekmesi ise veri kaynaklar\u0131na ba\u011flanmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. &#8220;Yeni Ba\u011flant\u0131&#8221;(new connection) t\u0131klanarak yeni veri kayna\u011f\u0131na ba\u011flant\u0131 kurulur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"calismadizin\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sonuncu panel ise Dosyalar\/Grafikler\/Paketler\/Yard\u0131m (Files\/Plots\/Packages\/Help) sekmelerinden olu\u015fur. Dosyalar sekmesi, sabit s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fczdeki dosya dizinine eri\u015fmenizi sa\u011flar. \u201cDosyalar\u201d sekmesinin g\u00fczel bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi de, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma dizininizi ayarlamak i\u00e7in kullanabilmenizdir. Dizin se\u00e7ip \u201cDaha Fazla\u201d (More) \u00fczerinde t\u0131klarsan\u0131z a\u00e7\u0131lan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck pencerede \u201d\u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Dizini Olarak Ayarla\u201d (Set As Working Directory) se\u00e7erek bunu sa\u011flayabilirsiniz. Grafikler sekmesinde ise kullan\u0131lan fonksiyonun bar grafi\u011fini g\u00f6rebilirsiniz ve grafi\u011fi yay\u0131nlayabilir ya da d\u0131\u015far\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc resim ve pdf olarak alabilirsiniz. Paketler sekmesinde sabit s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fczde y\u00fckl\u00fc t\u00fcm R paketlerinin bir listesini g\u00f6rebilir ve RStudio\u2019 da \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z anda y\u00fckl\u00fc olup olmad\u0131klar\u0131na bakabilirsiniz. Y\u00fcklenmemi\u015f olanlar i\u015faretlenmemi\u015f olarak gelir. Yard\u0131m sekmesi e\u011fer daha \u00f6nce F1 tu\u015funa basmad\u0131ysan\u0131z bo\u015f olarak gelecektir. \u00d6rne\u011fin bir fonksiyon ile ilgi yard\u0131m almak istedi\u011finizde, diyelim grafik \u00e7izmek i\u00e7in histogram fonksiyonu ile ilgili bilgi almak istiyorsunuz, Kaynak panelinde hist yaz\u0131p F1 tu\u015funa basarsan\u0131z Yard\u0131m sekmesinde histogram fonksiyonu ile ilgili bilgiyi g\u00f6rebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Panellerdeki sekmelere ekleme\/\u00e7\u0131karma yapmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm(View)\/ Paneller(Panes)\/ Panel D\u00fczeni(Pane layout) se\u00e7ilerek \u201cSe\u00e7enekler\u201d(options) penceresi a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r ve istenen de\u011fi\u015fiklikler burada yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"Veri-tip\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2>Veri tipleri<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>R, skaler, vekt\u00f6rler (say\u0131sal, karakter, mant\u0131ksal), matrisler, veri \u00e7er\u00e7eveleri ve listeler dahil olmak \u00fczere \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli veri tiplerine sahiptir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Skaler<\/li><li>Vektor<\/li><li>Matris<\/li><li>Dizi<\/li><li>Veri \u00e7er\u00e7eveleri<\/li><li>Liste<\/li><li>Faktor<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"Skaler\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3>Skaler<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>R&#8217;deki en basit nesne t\u00fcr\u00fc bir skalerdir. Bir skaler nesne, bir say\u0131 veya bir isim gibi sadece tek bir de\u011ferdir. Skalerin illa say\u0131sal olmas\u0131 gerekmez, karakter ve metin de olabilir.<br><a name=\"N\u00fcmerik\"><\/a><br>N\u00fcmerik skaler \u00f6rne\u011fi;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a &lt;- 100<br>b &lt;- 5 \/ 100<br>c &lt;- (a + b) \/ b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00d6rne\u011fi denemek i\u00e7in RStudio\u2019 yu a\u00e7\u0131n e\u011fer \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fcze Kaynak(Source) paneli bo\u015f geliyorsa ve panelin \u00fcst k\u00f6\u015fesinde \u201cisimsiz\u201d (untitled) g\u00f6r\u00fcyorsan\u0131z kullanmaya devam edebilirsiniz. E\u011fer daha \u00f6nce a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131p kullan\u0131ld\u0131ysa Dosya(File) alt\u0131ndaki \u201c+\u201d \u00fczerinde t\u0131klayarak yeni bir R script dosyas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131n\u0131z. \u201cKaynak\u201d(Source) paneline yukar\u0131daki \u00fc\u00e7 sat\u0131r\u0131 yaz\u0131n ve bu \u00fc\u00e7 sat\u0131r\u0131 se\u00e7erek panelin sa\u011f \u00fcst k\u00f6\u015fesindeki \u201c\u00c7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u201d (Run) d\u00fc\u011fmesine t\u0131klay\u0131n. Yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z sat\u0131rlar\u0131n Konsol(Console) paneline de aktar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve Ortam sekmesinde de skalerlerin ald\u0131klar\u0131 de\u011ferleri g\u00f6receksiniz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kaynak(Source) paneli d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bu sat\u0131rlar\u0131 direk olarak Konsol paneline de yazabilirsiniz. Her sat\u0131r\u0131 yazd\u0131ktan sonra enter tu\u015funa bast\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda \u201cOrtam\u201d(Environment) panelinde skalerlerin ald\u0131klar\u0131 de\u011ferleri g\u00f6rebilirsiniz yine.<br><a name=\"Karakter\"><\/a><br>Karakter skaler \u00f6rne\u011fi;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a &lt;- \u201dkalem\u201d<br>b &lt;- \u201dyaz\u201d<br>c &lt;- \u201dkalemle yaz\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>R, say\u0131sal ve karakter skalerlerini farkl\u0131 \u015fekilde ele al\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, say\u0131sal skalerle ilgili temel aritmetik i\u015flemleri yapabilirken karakter skaleri \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmazlar. Karakter skalerinde say\u0131sal i\u015flemler (ekleme gibi) yapmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rsan\u0131z hata mesaj\u0131 al\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131z.&nbsp;De\u011fi\u015fkenler de karakter dizgileri kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, de\u011fi\u015fken adlar\u0131 ve karakter dizeleri aras\u0131nda ayr\u0131m yapmak i\u00e7in t\u0131rnak i\u015fareti kullan\u0131r\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a &lt;- \u201dkalem\u201d<br>b &lt;- \u201dyaz\u201d<br>c = a + b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Burada size \u201ca + b de hata : ikili operat\u00f6re say\u0131sal olmayan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z de\u011fi\u015fken\u201d(Error in a + b : non-numeric argument to binary operator) \u015feklinde hata d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc olacakt\u0131r.<br>A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da RStudio\u2019 da bu i\u015flemlerin yap\u0131lmas\u0131na bakabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img data-attachment-id=\"2640\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2018-11-16\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16.png?fit=1919%2C1036&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1919,1036\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2018-11-16\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16.png?fit=300%2C162&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16.png?fit=700%2C378&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"378\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16.png?resize=700%2C378&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2640\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16.png?resize=1024%2C553&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16.png?resize=300%2C162&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16.png?resize=768%2C415&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16.png?w=1919&amp;ssl=1 1919w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16.png?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Burada sol \u00fcst tarafta Kaynak(Source) paneli, hemen alt\u0131nda Konsol(Console), sa\u011f \u00fcst tarafta Ortam(Environment) paneli ve onun alt\u0131nda da su an klas\u00f6rleri, grafikleri ve yard\u0131m sekmesini i\u00e7eren paneli g\u00f6r\u00fcyorsunuz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img data-attachment-id=\"2641\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2018-11-16-7\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16-7.png?fit=1919%2C1031&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1919,1031\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2018-11-16 (7)\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16-7.png?fit=300%2C161&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16-7.png?fit=700%2C376&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"376\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16-7.png?resize=700%2C376&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2641\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16-7.png?resize=1024%2C550&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16-7.png?resize=300%2C161&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16-7.png?resize=768%2C413&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16-7.png?w=1919&amp;ssl=1 1919w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16-7.png?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Kaynak(Source) panelinde ilk \u00fc\u00e7 sat\u0131r\u0131 yazmaya ba\u015flayal\u0131m ve sonra onlar\u0131 fare ile se\u00e7ip paneldeki \u201c\u00c7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u201d(Run) \u00fczerinde t\u0131klayal\u0131m. Sa\u011fdaki Ortam(Environment) panelinde Ortam sekmesinde de\u011fi\u015fkenlere atad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z de\u011ferleri g\u00f6rece\u011fiz. Altta \u201cKonsol\u201d panelinde ise \u201c\u00c7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u201d(Run) ile komutlar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img data-attachment-id=\"2642\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2018-11-16-8\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16-8.png?fit=1919%2C1023&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1919,1023\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2018-11-16 (8)\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16-8.png?fit=300%2C160&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16-8.png?fit=700%2C373&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"373\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16-8.png?resize=700%2C373&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2642\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16-8.png?resize=1024%2C546&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16-8.png?resize=300%2C160&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16-8.png?resize=768%2C409&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16-8.png?w=1919&amp;ssl=1 1919w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16-8.png?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130kinci \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc komutu Kaynak(Source) panelinde yazal\u0131m ve yine hepsini fare ile se\u00e7ip \u201c\u00c7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u201d(Run) \u00fczerinde t\u0131klayal\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img data-attachment-id=\"2643\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2018-11-16-9\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16-9.png?fit=1919%2C1028&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1919,1028\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2018-11-16 (9)\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16-9.png?fit=300%2C161&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16-9.png?fit=700%2C375&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16-9.png?resize=700%2C375&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2643\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16-9.png?resize=1024%2C549&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16-9.png?resize=300%2C161&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16-9.png?resize=768%2C411&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16-9.png?w=1919&amp;ssl=1 1919w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16-9.png?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da da g\u00f6rece\u011finiz gibi a,b ve c nin de\u011ferleri de\u011fi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img data-attachment-id=\"2644\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2018-11-16-10\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16-10.png?fit=1919%2C1031&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1919,1031\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2018-11-16 (10)\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16-10.png?fit=300%2C161&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16-10.png?fit=700%2C376&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"376\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16-10.png?resize=700%2C376&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2644\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16-10.png?resize=1024%2C550&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16-10.png?resize=300%2C161&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16-10.png?resize=768%2C413&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16-10.png?w=1919&amp;ssl=1 1919w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16-10.png?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc komutu da bunlar\u0131n alt\u0131na Konsol panelinde yazal\u0131m ve yine bunlar\u0131 fare ile se\u00e7elim. \u201c\u00c7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u201d(Run) t\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda hata mesaj\u0131n\u0131 Konsol(Console) da g\u00f6relim. B\u00f6ylece karakter skalerler ile d\u00f6rt i\u015flemin yap\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fck ve RStudio\u2019 yu biraz tan\u0131d\u0131k.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img data-attachment-id=\"2645\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2018-11-16-12\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16-12.png?fit=1919%2C1028&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1919,1028\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2018-11-16 (12)\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16-12.png?fit=300%2C161&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16-12.png?fit=700%2C375&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16-12.png?resize=700%2C375&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2645\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16-12.png?resize=1024%2C549&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16-12.png?resize=300%2C161&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16-12.png?resize=768%2C411&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16-12.png?w=1919&amp;ssl=1 1919w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-16-12.png?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><br><a name=\"fonksiyonlar\"><\/a><br>Skalerle kullanabilece\u011fimiz baz\u0131 fonksiyonlar;<br>1 ile 100 aras\u0131nda bir tam say\u0131 vekt\u00f6r\u00fc olu\u015fturmak istedi\u011finizi varsayal\u0131m. Kesinlikle t\u00fcm say\u0131lar\u0131 bir c () operat\u00f6r\u00fcne yazmak zorunda de\u011filsiniz. Neyse ki R, say\u0131sal vekt\u00f6rler \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in bir\u00e7ok basit yerle\u015fik fonksiyona sahiptir. \u00dc\u00e7 tanesi ile ba\u015flayal\u0131m: a: b, seq () ve rep ().<br><a name=\"ab\"><\/a><br>a:b fonksiyonu, arg\u00fcman olarak a ve b olmak \u00fczere iki say\u0131sal skaler al\u0131r ve a&#8217;dan ba\u015flayarak b biti\u015f noktas\u0131na kadar 1\u2019er artt\u0131rarak say\u0131 vekt\u00f6r\u00fc d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a&lt;- 1:10<br>b&lt;- 10:1<br>c&lt;- 2.5:6.5<br>a<br>b<br>c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img data-attachment-id=\"2648\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2018-11-22-1\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-22-1.png?fit=1919%2C1025&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1919,1025\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2018-11-22 (1)\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-22-1.png?fit=300%2C160&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-22-1.png?fit=700%2C374&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"374\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-22-1.png?resize=700%2C374&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2648\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-22-1.png?resize=1024%2C547&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-22-1.png?resize=300%2C160&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-22-1.png?resize=768%2C410&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-22-1.png?w=1919&amp;ssl=1 1919w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-22-1.png?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Yazarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda Konsol\u2019 da a, b ve c\u2019nin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011ferleri, Ortam\u2019 da ise a ve b\u2019nin tamsay\u0131, c\u2019nin ise say\u0131sal oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rebiliriz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Seq () fonksiyonu, a:b\u2019 nin daha esnek bir s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcd\u00fcr. seq () bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 numaras\u0131ndan biti\u015f numaras\u0131na do\u011fru bir dizi olu\u015fturman\u0131za izin verir. Ancak, seq (), say\u0131lar aras\u0131ndaki ad\u0131mlar\u0131n boyutunu veya dizinin toplam uzunlu\u011funu belirtmenize olanak tan\u0131yan ek arg\u00fcmanlara sahiptir:<br><a name=\"seq\"><\/a><br>Seq () fonksiyonunun iki yeni arg\u00fcman\u0131 vard\u0131r:<br># 1 den 10 a kadar 1\u2019er ad\u0131ml\u0131 say\u0131lar\u0131 tan\u0131mlayal\u0131m<br>seq(from = 1, to = 10, by = 1)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (**buradaki [1] ayn\u0131 konsolda oldu\u011fu gibi i\u015flemin sonucunu g\u00f6sterir)<br># 0\u2019dan 100\u2019e kadar 10\u2019ar 10\u2019ar tamsay\u0131lar<br>seq(from = 0, to = 100, by = 10)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[1] 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img data-attachment-id=\"2649\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2018-11-22-2\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-22-2.png?fit=1919%2C1033&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1919,1033\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2018-11-22 (2)\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-22-2.png?fit=300%2C161&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-22-2.png?fit=700%2C377&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"377\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-22-2.png?resize=700%2C377&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2649\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-22-2.png?resize=1024%2C551&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-22-2.png?resize=300%2C161&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-22-2.png?resize=768%2C413&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-22-2.png?w=1919&amp;ssl=1 1919w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-22-2.png?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Konsol\u2019 da da sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 g\u00f6rebilmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. Ortam panelinde bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik g\u00f6rmeyeceksiniz \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu de\u011ferler bir de\u011fi\u015fkene atanmad\u0131.<br>E\u011fer length.out arg\u00fcman\u0131n\u0131 kullanacak olursak, seq() fonksiyonu uzunlu\u011fu length.out\u2019a e\u015fit olacakt\u0131r.<br># 1\u2019den 5\u2019e kadar 10 say\u0131 elde etmek i\u00e7in<br>seq(from = 1, to = 5, length.out = 10)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[1] 1.0 1.4 1.9 2.3 2.8 3.2 3.7 4.1 4.6 5.0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p># 0\u2019dan 100\u2019e kadar 3 say\u0131 elde etmek i\u00e7in<br>seq(from = 0, to = 100, length.out = 3)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[1] 0 50 100<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img data-attachment-id=\"2650\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2018-11-22-3\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-22-3.png?fit=1919%2C1028&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1919,1028\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2018-11-22 (3)\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-22-3.png?fit=300%2C161&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-22-3.png?fit=700%2C375&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-22-3.png?resize=700%2C375&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2650\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-22-3.png?resize=1024%2C549&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-22-3.png?resize=300%2C161&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-22-3.png?resize=768%2C411&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-22-3.png?w=1919&amp;ssl=1 1919w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-22-3.png?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Konsol\u2019 da sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 g\u00f6rebilirsiniz. Dikkat ederseniz yine Ortam panelinde bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik olmad\u0131.<br><a name=\"rep\"><\/a><br>Rep () fonksiyonu, skaleri (veya vekt\u00f6r\u00fc) belirtilen say\u0131da veya istenen uzunlukta tekrarlaman\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>rep(x = 3, times = 10)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[1] 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>rep(x = c(1, 2), each = 3)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[1] 1 1 1 2 2 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>rep(x = 1:3, length.out = 10)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[1] 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img data-attachment-id=\"2651\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2018-11-22-4\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-22-4.png?fit=1919%2C1023&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1919,1023\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2018-11-22 (4)\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-22-4.png?fit=300%2C160&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-22-4.png?fit=700%2C373&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"373\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-22-4.png?resize=700%2C373&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2651\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-22-4.png?resize=1024%2C546&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-22-4.png?resize=300%2C160&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-22-4.png?resize=768%2C409&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-22-4.png?w=1919&amp;ssl=1 1919w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-22-4.png?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Konsol\u2019 da de\u011ferler yaz\u0131l\u0131r, yine Ortam panelinde de\u011fi\u015fiklik yok dikkat ederseniz.<br>\u201cZaman\u201d(times) ve \u201cher bir\u201d(each) arg\u00fcmanlar\u0131n\u0131 da bu fonksiyonda kullanmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>rep(x = 1:3, each = 2, times = 2)<br>rep(x=1:3, each = 3, times=2)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[1] 1 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 3 3<br>[1] 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3<br>Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 al\u0131nacakt\u0131r.<br><a name=\"Vektor\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3>Vekt\u00f6r<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Verileri depolamak i\u00e7in R&#8217;de mevcut olan en temel birim vekt\u00f6rlerdir. Karma\u015f\u0131k veri k\u00fcmelerini genellikle bile\u015fenlere vekt\u00f6rler olarak ayr\u0131labiliriz. Bir vekt\u00f6r nesnesi, tek bir nesne olarak saklanan birka\u00e7 skalerin sadece birle\u015fimidir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir ile on aras\u0131ndaki say\u0131lar,10 uzunlu\u011funda bir vekt\u00f6r olabilir ve \u0130ngiliz alfabesindeki karakterler ise 26 uzunlu\u011funda bir vekt\u00f6r olarak tan\u0131mlanabilir. Skalerler gibi, vekt\u00f6rler, ya say\u0131sal ya da karakter olabilir (fakat her ikisi de de\u011fil!).<br><a name=\"vnumerik\"><\/a><br>R, adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f veri yap\u0131lar\u0131 \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r, bu yap\u0131lar\u0131n en basiti say\u0131sal vekt\u00f6rlerdir. R\u2019 da vekt\u00f6r tan\u0131mlaman\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli yollar\u0131 vard\u0131r. R\u2019 da vekt\u00f6r en kolay c() fonksiyonu ile tan\u0131mlan\u0131r. Buradaki \u201cc\u201d ba\u011flamak anlam\u0131ndad\u0131r. C () fonksiyonu arg\u00fcman olarak birka\u00e7 skaler al\u0131r ve bu nesneleri i\u00e7eren bir vekt\u00f6r d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1&#8217;den 7&#8217;ye kadar tam say\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7eren bir vekt\u00f6r olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in c () fonksiyonunu kullanal\u0131m;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p># 1&#8217;den 7&#8217;ye kadar tamsay\u0131larla bir nesne a olu\u015ftural\u0131m<br>a &lt;- c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)<br># <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vekt\u00f6r\u00fc a olarak isimlendirmi\u015f olduk, \u015fimdi sonucu yazd\u0131ral\u0131m<\/span><br>a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu arada sat\u0131r ba\u015flar\u0131ndaki \u201c#\u201d i\u015fareti o sat\u0131r\u0131n komut sat\u0131r\u0131 de\u011fil de a\u00e7\u0131klama ya da yorum sat\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011funu belirtiyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img data-attachment-id=\"2653\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2018-11-21\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-21.png?fit=1919%2C1036&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1919,1036\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2018-11-21\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-21.png?fit=300%2C162&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-21.png?fit=700%2C378&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"378\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-21.png?resize=700%2C378&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2653\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-21.png?resize=1024%2C553&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-21.png?resize=300%2C162&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-21.png?resize=768%2C415&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-21.png?w=1919&amp;ssl=1 1919w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-21.png?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Konsol\u2019 a bakarsak<br>[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 \u015feklinde vekt\u00f6r\u00fcn yazd\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ortam panelinde ise a vekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn say\u0131sal oldu\u011funu ve 1 den 7\u2019ye kadar rakamlar\u0131 i\u00e7erdi\u011fini g\u00f6rebiliriz.<br><a name=\"vkarakter\"><\/a><br>Karakter skalerleri ile c () fonksiyonunu kullanarak karakter vekt\u00f6rleri olu\u015fturabiliriz:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>kar.vek &lt;- c(&#8220;Tek&#8221;, &#8220;g\u00f6zl\u00fckle&#8221;, &#8220;uzak&#8221;, &#8220;yak\u0131n&#8221;, &#8220;orta mesafeler&#8221;)<br>kar.vek<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img data-attachment-id=\"2652\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2018-11-22\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-22.png?fit=1919%2C1033&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1919,1033\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2018-11-22\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-22.png?fit=300%2C161&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-22.png?fit=700%2C377&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"377\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-22.png?resize=700%2C377&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2652\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-22.png?resize=1024%2C551&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-22.png?resize=300%2C161&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-22.png?resize=768%2C413&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-22.png?w=1919&amp;ssl=1 1919w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-11-22.png?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Konsol\u2019 da;<br>[1] \u201cTek&#8221; &#8220;g\u00f6zl\u00fckle&#8221; &#8220;uzak&#8221; &#8220;yak\u0131n&#8221; &#8220;orta mesafeler&#8221; ve Ortam\u2019da ise kar.vek\u2019in 5 elemanl\u0131 karakter vekt\u00f6r\u00fc oldu\u011fu ve ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011ferler g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir.<br><a name=\"vmant\u0131ksal\"><\/a><br>Bir de mant\u0131ksal vekt\u00f6rden &#8211; yani do\u011fru veya yanl\u0131\u015f &#8211; bahsedelim. Mant\u0131ksal bir vekt\u00f6r\u00fcn \u00f6\u011feleri TRUE-DO\u011eRU, FALSE-YANLI\u015e ve NA(kay\u0131p de\u011fer, uygulanamaz ya da uygun de\u011fil anlam\u0131ndad\u0131r) de\u011ferlerine sahip olabilir.<br>Her ne kadar T ve F k\u0131saltmalar\u0131 tan\u0131ml\u0131 olsa da, bunlar TRUE ve FALSE atanm\u0131\u015f ayr\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f de\u011fi\u015fkenlerdir. Yani kullan\u0131c\u0131 T ve F de\u011fi\u015fkenlerine istedi\u011fi atamay\u0131 yapabilir, bu sebeple kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa sebep olmamak i\u00e7in TRUE ya da FALSE olarak kullanmakta fayda var.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mant\u0131ksal vekt\u00f6rler ko\u015fullarla \u00fcretilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin;<br>sicaklik &lt;- x &gt; 18<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>x ile ayn\u0131 uzunluktaki bir vekt\u00f6r olarak s\u0131cakl\u0131k, ko\u015ful yerine getirilmedi\u011finde FALSE-YANLI\u015e ve ko\u015ful sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda TRUE-DO\u011eRU de\u011ferini al\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mant\u0131ksal operat\u00f6rler;<br><strong>Operat\u00f6r&nbsp;<\/strong> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <strong>Tan\u0131m\u0131<\/strong><br>&lt;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck<br>&lt;=&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck veya e\u015fit<br>&gt;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; b\u00fcy\u00fck<br>&gt;=&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; b\u00fcy\u00fck veya e\u015fitt<br>==&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; tam olarak e\u015fit<br>!=&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;e\u015fit de\u011fil<br>!x&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;x de\u011fil<br>x | y&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;x veya y<br>x &amp; y&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;x ve y<br>isTRUE(x)&nbsp; &nbsp; x TRUE (yani Do\u011fru) mu diye test et<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mant\u0131ksal vekt\u00f6rler TRUE-DO\u011eRU olma halinde 1 ve FALSE-YANLI\u015e olma durumunda 0 olarak say\u0131sal vekt\u00f6rlere zorlanarak s\u0131radan aritmetik i\u015flemlerde kullan\u0131labilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Diyelim ki Kas\u0131m ve Aral\u0131k aylar\u0131ndaki u\u00e7u\u015flar\u0131 g\u00f6rmek istiyorsunuz, filtre kullanal\u0131m;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>filter(ucuslar, ay== 11 | 12) \u015feklinde filtreyi kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda ay== 11 | 12 TRUE-DO\u011eRU de\u011ferini d\u00f6nd\u00fcrecektir, bu da 1\u2019e e\u015fit oldu\u011fundan bu filtre fonksiyonu size Ocak ay\u0131na ait u\u00e7u\u015flar\u0131 getirecektir. Bu problemin k\u0131sa bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc x %in% y (y\u2019nin i\u00e7indeki x\u2019ler) kullanmakt\u0131r. Fonksiyonu buna g\u00f6re tekrar yazarsak;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>filter(ucuslar, ay %in% c(11, 12))<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bize 11 ve 12.ci aya ait u\u00e7u\u015flar\u0131 d\u00f6necektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bazen De Morgan&#8217;\u0131n kanunlar\u0131n\u0131 ak\u0131lda tutmak gerekir; !(x &amp; y) ve !x | !y ayn\u0131d\u0131r, ve !(x | y) de !x &amp; !y ile ayn\u0131 sonucu verir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bir \u00f6rnek daha yapal\u0131m;<br>x &lt;- c(1:10)<br>x[(x&gt;8) | (x&lt;5)]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[1] 1 2 3 4 9 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img data-attachment-id=\"2657\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2018-12-01-1\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-12-01-1.png?fit=1919%2C1025&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1919,1025\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2018-12-01 (1)\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-12-01-1.png?fit=300%2C160&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-12-01-1.png?fit=700%2C374&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"374\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-12-01-1.png?resize=700%2C374&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2657\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-12-01-1.png?resize=1024%2C547&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-12-01-1.png?resize=300%2C160&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-12-01-1.png?resize=768%2C410&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-12-01-1.png?w=1919&amp;ssl=1 1919w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-12-01-1.png?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu sonuca nas\u0131l ula\u015f\u0131l\u0131r ad\u0131m ad\u0131m g\u00f6relim;<br>x &lt;- c(1:10)<br>x<br>[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>x &gt; 8<br>[1] F F F F F F F F T T<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>x &lt; 5<br>[1] T T T T F F F F F F<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>x &gt; 8 | x &lt; 5<br>[1] T T T T F F F F T T<br>x[c(T,T,T,T,F,F,F,F,T,T)]<br>[1] 1 2 3 4 9 10<br><a name=\"varitmetik\"><\/a><br>Vekt\u00f6r aritmeti\u011fi<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar temel aritmetik i\u015flemcilerinin \u00e7o\u011funa a\u015finad\u0131rlar. R\u2019 da bir istatistik platformu oldu\u011fundan tam bir aritmetik operat\u00f6rler k\u00fcmesine sahiptir,<br><a name=\"vopertor\"><\/a><br><strong>Operat\u00f6r<\/strong>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <strong>Tan\u0131m\u0131&nbsp;<\/strong> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<strong>\u00d6rnek<\/strong><br>x + y&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; y x\u2019e eklenmi\u015f&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;2 + 3 = 5<br>x \u2013 y&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; y x\u2019ten \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;8 \u2013 2 = 6<br>x * y&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;x y ile \u00e7arp\u0131lm\u0131\u015f&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;3 * 2 = 6<br>x \/ y&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;x y\u2019ye b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;10 \/ 5 = 2<br>x ^ y (\\ x ** y)&nbsp; &nbsp;x \u2018in y kuvveti&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 2 ^ 5 = 32<br>x %% y&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; x y\u2019ye b\u00f6l\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde kalan (x mod y)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;7 %% 3 = 1<br>x %\/% y&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;x y\u2019ye b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f ve yuvarlanm\u0131\u015f&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 7 %\/% 3 = 2<br><a name=\"varitmetikv\"><\/a><br>sepet.Oya &lt;- c(12,4,4,6,9,3)<br>sepet.Ayse &lt;- c(5,3,2,2,12,9)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Oya ve Ayse Bir Dilek Vakf\u0131 i\u00e7in vak\u0131f toplant\u0131s\u0131nda para toplamaya karar verdiklerini ve yapt\u0131klar\u0131 her sepet i\u00e7in ba\u011f\u0131\u015f toplamak istediklerini varsayal\u0131m. Bir senede bu vak\u0131f 6 kez toplan\u0131r ve Oya sepet ba\u015f\u0131na 120 TL, Ayse ise 145 TL ister. Her toplant\u0131 i\u00e7in toplad\u0131klar\u0131 toplam ba\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131 nas\u0131l hesaplars\u0131n\u0131z? Toplant\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na sepet say\u0131s\u0131 ile \u00fccretini \u00e7arp\u0131p, sonra hepsini toplayarak de\u011fil mi?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img data-attachment-id=\"2658\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2018-12-01-3\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-12-01-3.png?fit=1919%2C1025&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1919,1025\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2018-12-01 (3)\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-12-01-3.png?fit=300%2C160&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-12-01-3.png?fit=700%2C374&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"374\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-12-01-3.png?resize=700%2C374&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2658\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-12-01-3.png?resize=1024%2C547&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-12-01-3.png?resize=300%2C160&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-12-01-3.png?resize=768%2C410&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-12-01-3.png?w=1919&amp;ssl=1 1919w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-12-01-3.png?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>#Oya\u2019n\u0131n toplant\u0131larda toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131<br>para.Oya &lt;- sepet.Oya *120<br>#Ayse\u2019nin toplant\u0131larda toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131<br>para.Ayse&lt;- sepet.Ayse * 145<br>#Oya\u2019n\u0131n toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 toplam para<br>sum(para.Oya)<br>#Ayse\u2019nin toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 toplam para<br>sum(para.Ayse)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u015eimdi bir de toplant\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na ne kadar toplanm\u0131\u015f sorusunun cevab\u0131n\u0131 verelim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>sepet.Oya &lt;- c(12,4,4,6,9,3)<br>sepet.Ayse &lt;- c(5,3,2,2,12,9)<br>#Oya\u2019n\u0131n toplant\u0131larda toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131<br>para.Oya &lt;- sepet.Oya *120<br>#Ayse\u2019nin toplant\u0131larda toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131<br>para.Ayse&lt;- sepet.Ayse * 145<br>Para.toplam &lt;- para.Oya + para.Ayse<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img data-attachment-id=\"2659\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2018-12-01-4\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-12-01-4.png?fit=1919%2C1031&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1919,1031\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2018-12-01 (4)\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-12-01-4.png?fit=300%2C161&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-12-01-4.png?fit=700%2C376&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"376\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-12-01-4.png?resize=700%2C376&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2659\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-12-01-4.png?resize=1024%2C550&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-12-01-4.png?resize=300%2C161&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-12-01-4.png?resize=768%2C413&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-12-01-4.png?w=1919&amp;ssl=1 1919w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-12-01-4.png?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>sepet.Oya* 120 + sepet.Ayse * 145&nbsp;#b\u00f6ylece iki vekt\u00f6r ile de i\u015flem yapm\u0131\u015f olduk<br>[1] 2165 915 770 1010 2820 1665<br><a name=\"voperatorv\"><\/a><br>R&#8217; da operat\u00f6rlerin s\u0131ralamas\u0131na bakacak olursak, yukar\u0131daki \u00f6rnekte oldu\u011fu gibi toplama ve \u00e7arpma i\u015flemi oldu\u011funda R \u00f6nce \u00e7arpma sonra toplama i\u015flemini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirir. T\u00fcm aritmetik operat\u00f6rlerin i\u015flem s\u0131ras\u0131 i\u00e7in klasik kurallar ge\u00e7erlidir. Hesaplamalar a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki s\u0131rayla yap\u0131l\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>\u00dcsl\u00fc i\u015flemler<\/li><li>Operat\u00f6rlerin sunuldu\u011fu s\u0131raya g\u00f6re&nbsp;\u00e7arpma ve b\u00f6lme<\/li><li>Operat\u00f6rlerin sunuldu\u011fu s\u0131raya g\u00f6re toplama ve \u00e7\u0131karma<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00d6ncelikle parantez i\u00e7indekiler yap\u0131l\u0131r. Mod operat\u00f6r\u00fc (%%) ve tam say\u0131 b\u00f6lme operat\u00f6r\u00fc (% \/%), hesaplamalarda normal b\u00f6lme operat\u00f6r\u00fcyle ayn\u0131 \u00f6nceli\u011fe sahiptir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130\u015flemlerin s\u0131ras\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibi parantez kullanarak de\u011fi\u015ftirebilirsiniz:<br>Parantez kullanmadan,<br>4 + 2 * 3<br>[1] 10<br>Parantez kullanarak,<br>(4 + 2)* 3<br>[1] 18<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bir vekt\u00f6r farkl\u0131 veri t\u00fcrleri i\u00e7eremez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>i &lt;- 1:3&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;#1\u2019 den 3\u2019e kadar rakam atad\u0131k<br>i #yazd\u0131ral\u0131m<br>[1] 1 2 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>i &lt;- c(i,pi)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;#Daha fazla \u00f6\u011fe eklemek i\u00e7in tekrar ataman\u0131z gerekir, \u00f6r. c () kullanarak<br>i #yazd\u0131ral\u0131m<br>[1] 1.000000 2.000000 3.000000 3.141593<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>i &lt;- c(i, &#8220;text&#8221;)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; #Bir vekt\u00f6r farkl\u0131 veri t\u00fcrleri i\u00e7eremez, bu y\u00fczden &#8230;<br>i&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; #yazd\u0131ral\u0131m R, t\u00fcm \u00f6\u011feleri ayn\u0131 t\u00fcre yani karaktere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[1] &#8220;1&#8221; &#8220;2&#8221; &#8220;3&#8221; &#8220;3.14159265358979&#8221; &#8220;text&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hepsi karakter&nbsp;t\u00fcr\u00fcne&nbsp;d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<br><a name=\"vfonksiyon\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4><em>Vekt\u00f6rlerle ilgili baz\u0131 fonksiyonlar<\/em><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"vozist\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>\u00d6zet istatistikler<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Fonksiyon&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; \u00d6rnek&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Sonu\u00e7<br>sum(x), product(x)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; sum(1:10)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 55<br>min(x), max(x)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; min(1:10)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;1<br>mean(x), median(x)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; mean(1:10)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;5.5<br>sd(x), var(x), range(x)&nbsp; &nbsp;sd(1:10)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 3.03<br>quantile(x, probs)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;quantile(1:10, probs = .2)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 2.8<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>ceket &lt;- c(4, 50, 2, 39, 4, 20, 4, 8, 10, 100) #eldeki bedenlere gore ceket adetleri<br>min(ceket)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; #minimum ka\u00e7 adet var?<br>[1] 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>max(ceket)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;#maksimum ka\u00e7 adet var?<br>[1] 100<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>mean(ceket)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; #ortalama ne?<br>[1] 24.1&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;# 4+ 50+ 2+ 39+ 4+ 20+ 4+ 8+ 10+ 100=241&nbsp; 241\/10=24.1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>sd(ceket)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; #standard sapma ne?<br>[1] 29.71346<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sum(ceket)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; # toplam ceket sayisi<br>[1] 241<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Elle hesaplarsak standart sapma : [(4-24,1)2 + (50-24,1)2+(2-24,1)2 +(39-24,1)2 +(4-24,1)2 +(20-24,1)2 +(4-&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;24,1)2 + (8-24,1)2 + (10-24,1)2 + (100-24,1)2 ] \/ 10 = 882.89 ve bunun karek\u00f6k\u00fc sqrt(882.89)= 29.71346<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Quantile fonksiyonu, verilen olas\u0131l\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelen \u00f6rnek miktarlar\u0131 \u00fcretir. En k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck g\u00f6zlem 0&#8217;l\u0131k bir olas\u0131l\u0131\u011fa&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;ve en b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla 1&#8217;e e\u015fittir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>quantile(x, probs = seq(0, 1, 0.25), na.rm = FALSE, names = TRUE, type = 7, \u2026)<br>Arg\u00fcmanlar<br>x ; Numune miktarlar\u0131 istenen say\u0131sal bir vekt\u00f6r veya bir metodun tan\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n nesnesi(a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<em>Detaylar<\/em>\u2019 a bak\u0131n). Na.rm TRUE-DO\u011eRU olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece NA ve NaN de\u011ferlerine say\u0131sal vekt\u00f6rlerde izin&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;verilmez.<br>probs ; [0,1] i\u00e7inde bulunan de\u011ferlerin say\u0131sal vekt\u00f6r\u00fc. (Bu aral\u0131\u011f\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki 2e-14&#8217;e kadar de\u011ferler kabul&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;edilir ve yak\u0131ndaki u\u00e7 noktaya ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r.)<br>na.rm ; mant\u0131ksal; TRUE ise, t\u00fcm NA ve NaN lar quantiles-nicelikler hesaplanmadan \u00f6nce x&#8217; den kald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<br>names ; mant\u0131ksal; TRUE-DO\u011eRU ise, sonu\u00e7 bir ad \u00f6zelli\u011fine sahiptir. Bir\u00e7ok probs ile h\u0131zland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;FALSE olarak ayarlay\u0131n.<br>type ; a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 verilen dokuz adet quantile algoritmadan birini kullanmak amac\u0131yla se\u00e7mek i\u00e7in 1 ile 9&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;aras\u0131nda bir tam say\u0131d\u0131r.<br><em>Detaylar<\/em>;<br>E\u011fer names = TRUE ise length(probs) uzunlu\u011funda bir vekt\u00f6r d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr, bir names \u00f6zniteli\u011fi vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>probs\u2019 daki NA ve NaN de\u011ferleri, sonu\u00e7lara yay\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Varsay\u0131lan y\u00f6ntem, elemanlar\u0131 s\u0131ralanm\u0131\u015f ve toplanm\u0131\u015f ve bir say\u0131 ile \u00e7arp\u0131lm\u0131\u015f n\u00fcmerik vekt\u00f6rler gibi s\u0131n\u0131flanm\u0131\u015f nesneler \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Q<sub>i<\/sub>(p)= (1\u2212\u03b3)x<sub>j<\/sub> + \u03b3x<sub>j<\/sub> + 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1\u2264 i\u2264 9, (j\u2212m)\/n \u2264 p &lt;(j\u2212m+1)\/n , x<sub>j<\/sub> j inci s\u0131radaki istatistik, n \u00f6rnek say\u0131s\u0131,<br>\u03b3 ise j = \u230anp+m\u230b ve g = np+m\u2212j nin bir fonksiyonu, m ise numune quantile t\u00fcr\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan belirlenen bir sabittir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Simdi t\u00fcrlerine(types) bakal\u0131m;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Quantile, probs cinsinden olas\u0131l\u0131klardaki x cinsinden tedarik edilen elemanlardan bir veya iki mertebeden&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; istatisti\u011fe dayanan tahminleri d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr. Hyndman ve Fan (1996) &#8216;da tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan, t\u00fcr\u00fcne g\u00f6re se\u00e7ilmi\u015f dokuz&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; quantile algoritmadan biri kullan\u0131l\u0131r. T\u00fcm \u00f6rnek quantiles ard\u0131\u015f\u0131k s\u0131ra istatistiklerinin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 ortalamalar\u0131 olarak&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; tan\u0131mlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u00fcreksiz \u00f6rnek quantile t\u00fcrleri, tip 1, 2 ve 3:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tip 1 : Ampirik da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m fonksiyonunun tersi, e\u011fer g=0 ise \u03b3=0, ve aksi takdirde 1 dir.<br>Tip 2 : Tip 1\u2019e benzer ama s\u00fcreksizliklerde ortalama al\u0131r. E\u011fer g=0 ise \u03b3=0.5, aksi takdirde 1 dir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tip 3 : SAS tan\u0131m\u0131: en yak\u0131n \u00e7ift s\u0131ra istatisti\u011fi. Eger g=0 ve j \u00e7ift ise \u03b3=0, de\u011filse 1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u00fcrekli \u00f6rnek Quantile t\u00fcrleri 4\u2019den 9\u2019a<br>4\u2019den 9\u2019a kadar t\u00fcrlerde \u03b3=g ve verilen m ile Q<sup>i<\/sup>(p) p\u2019nin s\u00fcrekli bir fonksiyonudur. \u00d6rnek quantile\u2019 ler, (p<sub>k<\/sub>,x<sub>k<\/sub>)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (x<sub>k<\/sub>&nbsp; k\u2019inci s\u0131ral\u0131 istatistik olmak \u00fczere) noktalar aras\u0131ndaki do\u011frusal ara de\u011feri bulma-interpolasyon ile e\u015fde\u011fer olarak elde edilebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tip 4 : m=0, p<sub>k<\/sub>=k\/n. Bu, ampirik cdf\u2019 in lineer interpolasyonudur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tip 5 : m=\u00bd, p<sub>k<\/sub>=(k-0.5)\/n Bu, d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmlerin ampirik cdf&#8217; nin ad\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n ortas\u0131ndaki de\u011ferler oldu\u011fu par\u00e7al\u0131 do\u011frusal bir fonksiyondur. Bu hidrologlar aras\u0131nda pop\u00fclerdir<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tip 6 : m=p, p<sub>k<\/sub>=k\/(n+1) oldu\u011fundan p<sub>k<\/sub>= E[F(x<sub>k<\/sub>)] bu Minitab ve SPSS taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tip 7 : m=1-p, p<sub>k<\/sub>=(k-1)\/(n-1) bu durumda, p<sub>k<\/sub>= mode[F(x<sub>k<\/sub>)] Bu S taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tip 8 : m=(1+p)\/3, p<sub>k<\/sub>= ((k-1)\/3)\/((n+1)\/3) sonra p<sub>k<\/sub>\u2248median[F(x<sub>k<\/sub>)] Elde edilen quantile tahminler, x&#8217; in da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak medyan-yans\u0131zd\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tip 9 : m=p\/4 + 3\/8, p<sub>k<\/sub>=(k-\u215c) \/ (n+\u00bc ) Sonu\u00e7ta ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan quantile tahminleri, e\u011fer x normal olarak da\u011f\u0131t\u0131l\u0131rsa, beklenen s\u0131ralama istatistikleri i\u00e7in yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak \u00f6n yarg\u0131s\u0131zd\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"vsayist\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Sayma istatistikleri<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Ayr\u0131k veya say\u0131sal olmayan verilerle vekt\u00f6rler i\u00e7in ortak sayma fonksiyonlar\u0131ndan bahsedebiliriz. Ayr\u0131k veriler cinsiyet, meslek gibi sadece sonlu (veya en az\u0131ndan makul sonlu) yan\u0131t k\u00fcmelerine izin veren verilerdir. Bu vekt\u00f6rlerin her biri bir arg\u00fcman olarak bir vekt\u00f6r al\u0131r &#8211; ancak, bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u00f6nceki fonksiyonlardan farkl\u0131 olarak, bu fonksiyonlar\u0131n arg\u00fcmanlar\u0131 ya say\u0131sal ya da karakter olabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Fonksiyon&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;A\u00e7\u0131klama&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; \u00d6rnek&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Sonu\u00e7<br>unique(x)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; T\u00fcm benzersiz de\u011ferlerin<br>bir vekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc<br>d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;unique(c(1, 1, 2, 10))&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;1, 2, 10<br>table(x, exclude)&nbsp; &nbsp; T\u00fcm benzersiz de\u011ferleri ve &nbsp;her bir olay\u0131n<br>say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren bir tablo d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr. NA de\u011ferlerini dahil etmek i\u00e7in,<br>exclude = NULL arg\u00fcman\u0131 ekle<br>table(c(&#8220;a&#8221;, &#8220;a&#8221;, &#8220;b&#8221;, &#8220;c&#8221;))&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;2-&#8220;a&#8221;, 1-&#8220;b&#8221;, 1-&#8220;c&#8221;<br>\u0130ki ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131k veri vekt\u00f6r\u00fcnden ba\u015flayarak bu fonksiyonlar\u0131 test edelim:<br>vec &lt;- c(1, 1, 1, 5, 1, 1, 10, 10, 10)<br>gender &lt;- c(&#8220;M&#8221;, &#8220;M&#8221;, &#8220;F&#8221;, &#8220;F&#8221;, &#8220;F&#8221;, &#8220;M&#8221;, &#8220;F&#8221;, &#8220;M&#8221;, &#8220;F&#8221;)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Unique (x) fonksiyonu, vekt\u00f6rdeki t\u00fcm benzersiz de\u011ferleri size s\u00f6yler, ancak her de\u011ferin ne s\u0131kl\u0131kta meydana geldi\u011fiyle ilgili hi\u00e7bir bilgi vermez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>unique(vec)<br>[1] 1 5 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>unique(gender)<br>[1] &#8220;M&#8221; &#8220;F&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Table () fonksiyonu,unique () ile ayn\u0131 \u015feyi yapar, ancak benzersiz de\u011ferlerin her birinin ne s\u0131kl\u0131kta ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini de size bildirerek bir ad\u0131m daha ileriye gider:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>table(vec)<br>vec<br>1 5 10<br>5 1 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>vec vekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde 1, 5, ve 10 benzersiz ve 1 5 kez, 5 1 kez ve 10 3 kez bu vekt\u00f6rde yer al\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>table(gender)<br>gender<br>F M<br>5 4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>gender vekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde ise F ve M benzersiz, F 5 kez ve M 4 kez bu vekt\u00f6rde yer al\u0131yor.<br>Say\u0131m yerine y\u00fczdelik bir sonu\u00e7 almak istiyorsan\u0131z, table () fonksiyonunu toplam fonksiyonuna b\u00f6lebilirsiniz:<br>table(vec) \/ sum(table(vec))<br>vec<br>1 5 10<br>0.5555556 0.1111111 0.3333333<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>table(gender) \/ sum(table(gender))<br>gender<br>F M<br>0.5555556 0.4444444<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"vstandart\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Standardizasyon<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130statistikte yayg\u0131n yap\u0131lan, z-skorlar\u0131n\u0131 hesaplama olarak da bilinen de\u011fi\u015fkenleri standartla\u015ft\u0131rmakt\u0131r. Bir vekt\u00f6r\u00fcn standartla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n amac\u0131, onu di\u011fer (standartla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f) de\u011fi\u015fkenlerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131za olanak tan\u0131yan ortak bir \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fe koymakt\u0131r. Bir vekt\u00f6r\u00fc standartla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in, vekt\u00f6r\u00fc ortalamas\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131z ve sonra sonucu, vekt\u00f6r\u00fcn standart sapmas\u0131na g\u00f6re b\u00f6lersiniz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>E\u011fer z-skorlar\u0131 sizin i\u00e7in yeni ise, endi\u015felenmeyin. Bir sonraki \u00f6rnekte, iki veri k\u00fcmesini kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131za nas\u0131l yard\u0131mc\u0131 olabilece\u011fini g\u00f6receksiniz. Ancak \u015fimdilik, bir vekt\u00f6r\u00fc basit aritmetik kullanarak standartla\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n ne kadar kolay oldu\u011funu g\u00f6relim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Baz\u0131 verileri i\u00e7eren bir vekt\u00f6r\u00fcn oldu\u011funu varsayal\u0131m. Vekt\u00f6r\u00fc, adland\u0131r\u0131lan yeni bir nesneye atayaca\u011f\u0131z ve ard\u0131ndan ortalama mean () ve sapma sd () fonksiyonlar\u0131yla ortalama ve standart sapmay\u0131 hesaplayaca\u011f\u0131z:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a &lt;- c(5, 3, 7, 5, 5, 3, 4)<br>mean(a)<br>[1] 4.6<br>sd(a)<br>[1] 1.4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u015eimdi, a&#8217;n\u0131n standart hale getirilmi\u015f bir s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc olan a.z adl\u0131 yeni bir vekt\u00f6r olu\u015fturaca\u011f\u0131z. Bunu yapmak i\u00e7in, basit\u00e7e vekt\u00f6r\u00fcn ortalamas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r, sonra standart sapmaya b\u00f6leriz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a.z &lt;- (a &#8211; mean(a)) \/ sd(a)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Standartla\u015fm\u0131\u015f de\u011ferlere bakarsak;<br>a.z<br>[1] 0.31 -1.12 1.74 0.31 0.31 -1.12 -0.41<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A.z&#8217; nin ortalamas\u0131 \u015fimdi 0 ve a.z&#8217; nin standart sapmas\u0131 1 olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Emin olal\u0131m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>mean(a.z)<br>[1] 2e-16<br>sd(a.z)<br>[1] 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a.z&#8217; nin ortalamas\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131f\u0131r gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmedi\u011finden endi\u015fe etmeyin. Bilimsel olmayan g\u00f6sterimi kullanarak, sonu\u00e7 0.000000000000000198&#8217;dir. Sonu\u00e7 tam olarak 0 de\u011fil, bilgisayar hesaplamalar\u0131ndan kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bir ba\u015fka \u00f6rnek yapal\u0131m;<br>Gl\u00fctene alerjisi olan ekip arkada\u015f\u0131n\u0131z bir trajik soya sosu vakas\u0131nda az \u00f6nce \u00f6ld\u00fc ve ekibinizin bir \u00fcyesini yeni bo\u015falan pozisyona atama zaman\u0131 geldi. Tabii ki, bir korsan i\u00e7in sadece iki nitelik ger\u00e7ekten \u00f6nemlidir: halat t\u0131rman\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve \u015fark\u0131 s\u00f6ylemesi. Bu nedenle, hangi m\u00fcrettebat\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n promosyonu hak etti\u011fini g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in, bir t\u0131rmanma ve \u015fark\u0131 yar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 yapmaya karar verdiniz. T\u0131rman\u0131\u015f yar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda, bir korsan\u0131n ka\u00e7 m ipi bir saat i\u00e7inde t\u0131rmanabilece\u011fini \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcyorsunuz, \u015fark\u0131 yar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda ise kimin kac \u015fark\u0131y\u0131 arka arkaya s\u00f6yleyebilece\u011fini \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcyorsunuz. Yar\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7in be\u015f korsan\u0131n g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc &#8211; ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Korsan&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; \u015fark\u0131&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;t\u0131rmanma<br>Heidi&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 12&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;100<br>Andrew&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;520<br>Becki&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;1&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 430<br>Madisen&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 200<br>David&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 700<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ana sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 iki vekt\u00f6rde \u015fark\u0131 ve t\u0131rmanma ile temsil edebiliriz:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>sarki &lt;- c(12, 8, 1, 6, 2)<br>tirmanma &lt;- c(100, 520, 430, 200, 700)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Art\u0131k verileri ald\u0131n\u0131z, ancak bir sorun var: say\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7ekleri \u00e7ok farkl\u0131. \u015fark\u0131 numaralar\u0131 1 ila 12 aras\u0131ndayken, t\u0131rmanma say\u0131lar\u0131 100 ile 700 aras\u0131nda \u00e7ok daha geni\u015f bir aral\u0131\u011fa sahip. Bu, iki say\u0131 k\u00fcmesinin do\u011frudan kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu sorunu \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in standartla\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 kullanaca\u011f\u0131z. sarki.z ve tirmanma.z adl\u0131 yeni standartla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f vekt\u00f6rler olu\u015ftural\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>sarki.z &lt;- (sarki &#8211; mean(sarki)) \/ sd(sarki)<br>tirmanma.z &lt;- (tirmanma &#8211; mean(tirmanma)) \/ sd(tirmanma)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u015eimdi son sonu\u00e7lara bakal\u0131m<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>sarki.z<br>[1] 1.379 0.489 -1.068 0.044 -0.845<br>tirmanma.z<br>[1] -1.20 0.54 0.17 -0.78 1.28<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00d6zellikle iki ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc performans var gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor, \u015fark\u0131 s\u00f6yleme yar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda, ilk korsan (Heidi), z-skoru 1.4. Bunu, Heidi&#8217;nin ortalama korsandan 1.4 standart sapma kadar daha fazla \u015fark\u0131 s\u00f6yledi\u011fini s\u00f6yleyerek yorumlayabiliriz. T\u0131rman\u0131\u015f yar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda ilk, be\u015finci korsan (David), 1.3&#8217;lik bir z-skoruna sahip. Burada David&#8217;in ortalama korsandan 1.3 standart sapmaya daha fazla \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucuna varabiliriz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Fakat her iki olayda da en iyi korsan hangisi? Bunu yan\u0131tlamak i\u00e7in, her korsan i\u00e7in, iki etkinlik boyunca ortalama z puanlar\u0131n\u0131 hesaplayan birle\u015fik bir z-skoru olu\u015ftural\u0131m. Bunu iki performans ekleyerek ve ikiye b\u00f6lerek yapaca\u011f\u0131z. Bu bize, her korsan\u0131n ortalama olarak ne kadar iyi oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>average.z &lt;- (sarki.z + (tirmanma.z)) \/ 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sonu\u00e7lara bakal\u0131m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>round(average.z, 1)<br>[1] 0.1 0.5 -0.5 -0.4 0.2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>En y\u00fcksek ortalama z-skoru, 0,5 olan ikinci korsana (Andrew) aittir. Bir olayda ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olan ilk korsanlar, di\u011fer olayda zay\u0131f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyorlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>K\u0131ssadan hisse, \u015fark\u0131 s\u00f6yleyip t\u0131rmanabilen korsan\u0131 atay\u0131n, yani Andrew bu durumda <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">atanmal\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Burada kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z round() yuvarlama fonksiyonu hakk\u0131nda da birka\u00e7 \u015fey s\u00f6yleyelim.<br>R, virg\u00fclden sonra 16 haneye kadar do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde hesaplama yapabilir, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman 16 hanenin hepsini birden kullanmak istemeyiz. Bu durumda, R&#8217;ye yuvarlama fonksiyonunu kullanabilirsiniz. Burada verilen; round(average.z, 1) \u00f6rne\u011finde virg\u00fclden sonra 1 hane kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"indeksv\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4>\u0130ndeksleme vekt\u00f6rleri<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>tekne.ismi&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; tekne.rengi&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;tekne.ya\u015f\u0131&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;tekne.fiyat\u0131&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;tekne.maliyeti<br>a&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; siyah&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 143&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;53&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;52<br>b&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ye\u015fil&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;53&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;87&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;80<br>c&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; pembe&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;356&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;54&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;20<br>d&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; mavi&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 23&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;66&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;100<br>e&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; mavi&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 647&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;264&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;189<br>f&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;ye\u015fil&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 24&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;32&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 12<br>g&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ye\u015fil&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 532&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;532&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 520<br>h&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; sar\u0131&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;43&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;58&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 68<br>i&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;siyah&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;66&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;99&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 80<br>j&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;siyah&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 86&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 132&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 100<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Art\u0131k, vekt\u00f6rlere mean () ve table () gibi fonksiyonlar\u0131 rahatl\u0131kla uyguluyor olmal\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z. Bununla birlikte, bir\u00e7ok analizde, bir vekt\u00f6r\u00fcn istatistiklerini hesaplamay\u0131 istemeyeceksiniz. Bunun yerine, muhtemelen baz\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlere g\u00f6re bir vekt\u00f6r\u00fcn belirli alt de\u011ferlerine eri\u015fmek isteyeceksiniz. \u00d6rne\u011fin, vekt\u00f6rde belirli bir konumdaki de\u011ferlere (yani, ilk 10 \u00f6\u011fe) veya bu vekt\u00f6r i\u00e7indeki baz\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlere (yani, 0&#8217;dan b\u00fcy\u00fck t\u00fcm de\u011ferler) veya bir \u00f6l\u00e7ekteki de\u011ferlere dayanarak eri\u015fmek isteyebilirsiniz, \u00f6rne\u011fin; cinsiyeti Kad\u0131n olanlar\u0131n t\u00fcm ya\u015f de\u011ferleri gibi. R&#8217;deki bir vekt\u00f6r\u00fcn belirli de\u011ferlerine eri\u015fmek i\u00e7in, [] ile parantez kullanarak indeksleme kullan\u0131yoruz. Genel olarak, parantezin i\u00e7ine ne koyduysan\u0131z, R&#8217;ye, istedi\u011finiz vekt\u00f6r nesnesinin hangi de\u011ferlerini istedi\u011finizi belirtir. Bir vekt\u00f6rdeki veri alt k\u00fcmelerine eri\u015fmek i\u00e7in indekslemeyi kullanman\u0131n iki ana yolu vard\u0131r: say\u0131sal ve mant\u0131ksal indeksleme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yukar\u0131daki tabloyu kullanarak \u00f6rnekler yapal\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p># Tekne sat\u0131\u015f\u0131. veri vekt\u00f6rlerini haz\u0131rlayal\u0131m<br>tekne.ismi &lt;- c(&#8220;a&#8221;, &#8220;b&#8221;, &#8220;c&#8221;, &#8220;d&#8221;, &#8220;e&#8221;, &#8220;f&#8221;, &#8220;g&#8221;, &#8220;h&#8221;, &#8220;i&#8221;, &#8220;j&#8221;)<br>tekne.rengi &lt;- c(&#8220;siyah&#8221;, &#8220;yesil&#8221;, &#8220;pembe&#8221;, &#8220;mavi&#8221;, &#8220;mavi&#8221;, &#8220;yesil&#8221;, &#8220;yesil&#8221;, &#8220;sari&#8221;, &#8220;siyah&#8221;, &#8220;siyah&#8221;)<br>tekne.yasi &lt;- c(143, 53, 356, 23, 647, 24, 532, 43, 66, 86)<br>tekne.fiyati &lt;- c(53, 87, 54, 66, 264, 32, 532, 58, 99, 132)<br>tekne.maliyeti &lt;- c(52, 80, 20, 100, 189, 12, 520, 68, 80, 100)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p># ilk teknenin fiyat\u0131 neydi?<br>tekne.fiyati[1]<br>[1] 53<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p># Ilk 5 teknenin ya\u015flar\u0131 neydi?<br>tekne.yasi[1:5]<br>[1] 143 53 356 23 647<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p># Siyah teknelerin isimleri neydi?<br>tekne.ismi[tekne.rengi == &#8220;siyah&#8221;]<br>[1] &#8220;a&#8221; &#8220;i&#8221; &#8220;j&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p># Ye\u015fil ya da sar\u0131 teknelerin fiyatlar\u0131 neydi?<br>tekne.fiyati[tekne.rengi == &#8220;yesil&#8221; | tekne.rengi == &#8220;sari&#8221;]<br>[1] 87 32 532 58<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p># \u201cj\u201d teknesinin fiyat\u0131n\u0131 100 olarak de\u011fi\u015ftir<br>tekne.fiyati[tekne.ismi == &#8220;j&#8221;] &lt;- 100<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p># Ya\u015f\u0131 100 seneden az olan siyah teknelerin fiyat ortalamas\u0131 nedir?<br>median(tekne.fiyati[tekne.rengi == &#8220;siyah&#8221; &amp; tekne.yasi &lt; 100])<br>[1] 99.5<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p># Ka\u00e7 tane pembe tekne var?<br>sum(tekne.rengi == &#8220;pembe&#8221;)<br>[1] 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p># ya\u015f\u0131 100 seneden az olan teknelerin y\u00fczdesi nedir?<br>mean(tekne.yasi &lt; 100)<br>[1] 0.6<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Say\u0131sal indeksleme<\/strong><br>Say\u0131sal indeksleme ile, vekt\u00f6rde eri\u015fmek istedi\u011finiz vekt\u00f6re kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelen bir tamsay\u0131y\u0131 a[index] formunda girersiniz, burada a bir vekt\u00f6r ve index, indeks de\u011ferlerinin bir vekt\u00f6r\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yukar\u0131daki tablomuzla devam edecek olursak;<br># ilk teknenin ismi ne?<br>tekne.ismi[1]<br>[1] &#8220;a&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p># ilk be\u015f teknenin renkleri neler?<br>tekne.rengi[1:5]<br>[1] &#8220;siyah&#8221; &#8220;yesil&#8221; &#8220;pembe&#8221; &#8220;mavi&#8221; &#8220;mavi&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p># her ikinci teknenin yasi ne?<br>tekne.yasi[seq(1, 5, by = 2)]<br>## [1] 143 356 647<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tamsay\u0131 i\u00e7erdi\u011fi s\u00fcrece herhangi bir indeksleme vekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc kullanabilirsiniz. Ayn\u0131 \u00f6\u011felere birden \u00e7ok kez bile eri\u015febilirsiniz:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p># ilk teknesin ya\u015f\u0131 ka\u00e7? (3 kere)<br>tekne.yasi[c(1, 1, 1)]<br>[1] 143 143 143<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kodunuzu daha a\u00e7\u0131k hale getirirse, ger\u00e7ek dizinlemenizi yapmadan \u00f6nce bir indeksleme nesnesi tan\u0131mlayabilirsiniz. \u00d6rne\u011fin, my.index ad\u0131nda bir nesne tan\u0131mlayal\u0131m ve veri vekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc dizine eklemek i\u00e7in bu nesneyi kullanal\u0131m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>my.index &lt;- 3:5<br>tekne.ismi[my.index]<br>[1] &#8220;c&#8221; &#8220;d&#8221; &#8220;e&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Mant\u0131ksal indeksleme<\/strong><br>Vekt\u00f6rleri indekslemenin ikinci yolu, mant\u0131ksal vekt\u00f6rlerdir. Mant\u0131ksal bir vekt\u00f6r, yaln\u0131zca DO\u011eRU ve YANLI\u015e de\u011ferleri i\u00e7eren bir vekt\u00f6rd\u00fcr. R&#8217;de, do\u011fru de\u011ferler TRUE, yanl\u0131\u015f de\u011ferler FALSE ile g\u00f6sterilir. Bir vekt\u00f6r\u00fc mant\u0131ksal bir vekt\u00f6rle indeksledi\u011finizde, R, indeksleme vekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn TRUE oldu\u011fu vekt\u00f6r\u00fcn de\u011ferlerini d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr. Bu kafa kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131ysa, \u015fu \u015fekilde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn: parantez [] ile birle\u015ftirilmi\u015f mant\u0131ksal bir vekt\u00f6r, indeksledi\u011fi vekt\u00f6r i\u00e7in bir filtre g\u00f6revi g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Sadece vekt\u00f6r\u00fcn de\u011ferlerini, mant\u0131ksal vekt\u00f6r\u00fcn do\u011fru oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in TRUE ge\u00e7mesine izin verir.<br>Mant\u0131ksal bir vekt\u00f6rdeki FALSE-YANLI\u015e de\u011ferler bir\u00e7ok mini-Gandolf&#8217;a benzer. Bu \u00f6rnekte, x vekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc bir mant\u0131ksal vekt\u00f6r y ile indeksliyorum (\u00f6rne\u011fin, x&gt; 0 olabilir, bu y\u00fczden x&#8217;in t\u00fcm pozitif de\u011ferleri TRUE, t\u00fcm negatif de\u011ferleri FALSE). Sonu\u00e7, mant\u0131ksal vekt\u00f6r y&#8217;nin do\u011fru oldu\u011fu x&#8217; in de\u011ferleri olan 2 uzunlu\u011funda bir vekt\u00f6rd\u00fcr. Gandolf, y i\u00e7in YANLI\u015e olan t\u00fcm x de\u011ferlerini durdurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Do\u011frudan c () kullanarak mant\u0131ksal vekt\u00f6rler olu\u015fturabilirsiniz. \u00d6rne\u011fin, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki vekt\u00f6r\u00fcn di\u011fer t\u00fcm de\u011ferlerine a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibi eri\u015febilirim:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a &lt;- c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)<br>a[c(TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, TRUE)]<br>[1] 1 3 5<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>G\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcz gibi, R, mant\u0131ksal vekt\u00f6r\u00fcn TRUE oldu\u011fu bir vekt\u00f6r\u00fcn t\u00fcm de\u011ferlerini d\u00f6nd\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ancak, c () kullanarak mant\u0131ksal vekt\u00f6rler olu\u015fturmak zahmetlidir. Bunun yerine, &lt;(daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck), == (e\u015fittir) ve! = (E\u015fit de\u011fil) gibi kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma operat\u00f6rlerini kullanarak mevcut vekt\u00f6rlerden mant\u0131ksal vekt\u00f6rler olu\u015fturmak daha iyidir. En yayg\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma operat\u00f6rlerinin tam listesi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img data-attachment-id=\"2682\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2018-12-27\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-12-27.png?fit=1271%2C770&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1271,770\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2018-12-27\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-12-27.png?fit=300%2C182&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-12-27.png?fit=700%2C424&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"424\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-12-27.png?resize=700%2C424&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2682\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-12-27.png?resize=1024%2C620&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-12-27.png?resize=300%2C182&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-12-27.png?resize=768%2C465&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-12-27.png?w=1271&amp;ssl=1 1271w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Mant\u0131ksal bir vekt\u00f6rdeki FALSE-YANLI\u015e de\u011ferler bir\u00e7ok mini-Gandolf&#8217; a benzer. Bu \u00f6rnekte, x vekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc bir mant\u0131ksal vekt\u00f6r y ile indeksliyorum (\u00f6rne\u011fin, x&gt; 0 olabilir, bu y\u00fczden x&#8217; in t\u00fcm pozitif de\u011ferleri TRUE, t\u00fcm negatif de\u011ferleri FALSE). Sonu\u00e7, mant\u0131ksal vekt\u00f6r y&#8217;nin do\u011fru oldu\u011fu x&#8217; in de\u011ferleri olan 2 uzunlu\u011funda bir vekt\u00f6rd\u00fcr. Gandolf, y i\u00e7in YANLI\u015e olan t\u00fcm x de\u011ferlerini durdurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Do\u011frudan c () kullanarak mant\u0131ksal vekt\u00f6rler olu\u015fturabilirsiniz. \u00d6rne\u011fin, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki vekt\u00f6r\u00fcn di\u011fer t\u00fcm de\u011ferlerine a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibi eri\u015febilirim:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a &lt;- c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)<br>a[c(TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, TRUE)]<br>[1] 1 3 5<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>G\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcz gibi, R, mant\u0131ksal vekt\u00f6r\u00fcn TRUE oldu\u011fu bir vekt\u00f6r\u00fcn t\u00fcm de\u011ferlerini d\u00f6nd\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ancak, c () kullanarak mant\u0131ksal vekt\u00f6rler olu\u015fturmak zahmetlidir. Bunun yerine, &lt;(daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck), == (e\u015fittir) ve! = (E\u015fit de\u011fil) gibi kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma operat\u00f6rlerini kullanarak mevcut vekt\u00f6rlerden mant\u0131ksal vekt\u00f6rler olu\u015fturmak daha iyidir. En yayg\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma operat\u00f6rlerinin tam listesi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img data-attachment-id=\"2683\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2018-12-27-1\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-12-27-1.png?fit=1017%2C736&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1017,736\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2018-12-27 (1)\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-12-27-1.png?fit=300%2C217&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-12-27-1.png?fit=700%2C507&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"507\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-12-27-1.png?resize=700%2C507&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2683\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-12-27-1.png?w=1017&amp;ssl=1 1017w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-12-27-1.png?resize=300%2C217&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-12-27-1.png?resize=768%2C556&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00d6rne\u011fin, tekne.yasi vekt\u00f6r\u00fcm\u00fczden baz\u0131 mant\u0131ksal vekt\u00f6rler olu\u015ftural\u0131m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p># hangi ya\u015flar &gt; 100?<br>tekne.yasi &gt; 100<br>[1] TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>#hangi ya\u015flar 23\u2019e e\u015fit?<br>tekne.yasi == 23<br>[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p># hangi tekne isimleri c\u2019ye e\u015fit?<br>tekne.yasi == &#8220;c&#8221;<br>[1] FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>TRUE d\u00f6nen cevaplar do\u011fru.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bir vekt\u00f6r\u00fc ayn\u0131 uzunluktaki ba\u015fka bir vekt\u00f6rle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rarak da mant\u0131ksal vekt\u00f6rler olu\u015fturabilirsiniz. Bunu yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda, R de\u011ferleri ayn\u0131 pozisyonda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r (\u00f6rne\u011fin; ilk de\u011ferler kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r, ard\u0131ndan ikinci de\u011ferler vb.). \u00d6rne\u011fin, hangi teknelerin maliyetlerinden daha y\u00fcksek fiyata sat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in tekne.maliyeti ve tekne.fiyati vekt\u00f6rlerini kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rabiliriz:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p># Hangi teknelerin fiyat\u0131 maliyetinden y\u00fcksek?<br>tekne.fiyati &gt; tekne.maliyeti<br>[1] TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p># hangi teknelerin fiyat\u0131 maliyetinden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck?<br>tekne.fiyati &lt; tekne.maliyeti<br>[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma operat\u00f6r\u00fc kullanarak bir mant\u0131ksal vekt\u00f6r olu\u015fturduktan sonra, ayn\u0131 uzunlukta herhangi bir vekt\u00f6r\u00fc indekslemek i\u00e7in kullanabilirsiniz. Burada, ya\u015flar\u0131 100&#8217;den b\u00fcy\u00fck olan teknelerin fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 almak i\u00e7in mant\u0131ksal vekt\u00f6rler kullanaca\u011f\u0131m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p># Ya\u015flar\u0131 100\u2019den b\u00fcy\u00fck teknelerin fiyati ne?<br>tekne.fiyati[tekne.yasi &gt; 100]<br>[1] 53 54 264 532<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mant\u0131ksal indekslemenin ad\u0131m ad\u0131m nas\u0131l \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da bulabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p># hangilerinin ya\u015f\u0131 100\u2019den b\u00fcy\u00fck?<br>tekne.yasi &gt; 100<br>[1] TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p># Mant\u0131ksal dizini elle yazmak (bunu asla yapmazs\u0131n\u0131z!)<br># Mant\u0131ksal vekt\u00f6r\u00fcn TRUE-DO\u011eRU oldu\u011fu t\u00fcm tekne fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6ster:<br>tekne.fiyati[c(TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE)]<br>[1] 53 54 264 532<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p># Hepsini tek ad\u0131mda yaparak! Ayni cevabi bulursunuz:<br>tekne.fiyati[tekne.yasi &gt; 100]<br>[1] 53 54 264 532<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Mant\u0131ksal indekslemede mant\u0131ksal operat\u00f6rler, &amp; (and), | (or), %in%<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tek kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma operat\u00f6rlerini kullanman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, birden fazla mant\u0131ksal vekt\u00f6r\u00fc OR ya da AND ( OR | seklinde de g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr ve AND ise &amp; seklinde de g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir) kullanarak birle\u015ftirebiliriz. OR | mant\u0131ksal vekt\u00f6rlerden herhangi biri TRUE ise i\u015flem TRUE de\u011ferini d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr, AND &amp; sadece mant\u0131ksal vekt\u00f6rlerdeki t\u00fcm de\u011ferler TRUE ise TRUE d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr. Bu, \u00f6zellikle birden fazla vekt\u00f6r\u00fcn \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlerine dayanan mant\u0131ksal bir vekt\u00f6r olu\u015fturmak istedi\u011finizde \u00f6nemlidir.<br>\u00d6rne\u011fin, hangi teknelerin 200&#8217;den y\u00fcksek VEYA 100&#8217;den d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck fiyat\u0131 oldu\u011funu belirten bir mant\u0131ksal vekt\u00f6r olu\u015ftural\u0131m ve sonra bu teknelerin adlar\u0131n\u0131n ne oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in bu vekt\u00f6r\u00fc kullanal\u0131m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p># hangi teknelerin fiyatlar\u0131 200\u2019den b\u00fcy\u00fck VEYA 100\u2019den k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck?<br>tekne.fiyati &gt; 200 | boat.prices &lt; 100<br>[1] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p># Bu teknelerin isimleri ne?<br>tekne.ismi[tekne.fiyati &gt; 200 | boat.prices &lt; 100]<br>[1] &#8220;a&#8221; &#8220;b&#8221; &#8220;c&#8221; &#8220;d&#8221; &#8220;e&#8221; &#8220;f&#8221; &#8220;g&#8221; &#8220;h&#8221; &#8220;i&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130stedi\u011finiz kadar mant\u0131ksal vekt\u00f6r\u00fc bir araya getirebilirsiniz (hepsi ayn\u0131 uzunlukta oldu\u011fu s\u00fcrece!):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p># tekne isimleri siyah renk ile fiyat\u0131 100\u2019den b\u00fcy\u00fck olanlar<br>Tekne.ismi[tekne.rengi == &#8220;black&#8221; | tekne.fiyati &gt; 100]<br>[1] &#8220;a&#8221; &#8220;e&#8221; &#8220;g&#8221; &#8220;i&#8221; &#8220;j&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p># mavi tekne isimleriyle fiyati 200\u2019den b\u00fcy\u00fck olanlar<br>tekne.ismi[tekne.rengi == &#8220;mavi&#8221; &amp; tekne.fiyati &gt; 200]<br>[1] &#8220;e&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Giderek daha karma\u015f\u0131k se\u00e7im kriterleri olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in istedi\u011finiz kadar mant\u0131ksal vekt\u00f6r\u00fc birle\u015ftirebilirsiniz. \u00d6rne\u011fin, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki mant\u0131ksal vekt\u00f6r, tekne renklerinin siyah OR-VEYA kahverengi oldu\u011fu durumlarda OR-VEYA fiyat\u0131n 100&#8217;den az oldu\u011fu durumlarda TRUE d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p># hangi tekneler siyah veya kahverengi VE fiyat\u0131 100\u2019den az?<br>(tekne.rengi == &#8220;siyah&#8221; | tekne.rengi == &#8220;kahverengi&#8221;) &amp; tekne.fiyati &lt; 100<br>[1] TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p># bu teknelerin isimleri ne?<br>tekne.ismi[(tekne.rengi == &#8220;siyah&#8221; | tekne.rengi == &#8220;kahverengi&#8221;) &amp; tekne.fiyati &lt; 100]<br>[1] &#8220;a&#8221; &#8220;i&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Birden \u00e7ok \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct kullan\u0131rken, parantezleri do\u011fru kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zdan emin olun. Yukar\u0131daki parantezleri kullanmasayd\u0131m, farkl\u0131 bir cevap al\u0131rd\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>%in% i\u015flemi kolayca \u00e7oklu OR arg\u00fcmanlar\u0131 olu\u015fturman\u0131za yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. Bir\u00e7ok farkl\u0131 de\u011feri alabilen bir kategorik veri vekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcz oldu\u011funu hayal edin. \u00d6rne\u011fin, insanlar\u0131n favori mektuplar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren bir x vekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcz olabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>x &lt;- c(&#8220;a&#8221;, &#8220;t&#8221;, &#8220;a&#8221;, &#8220;b&#8221;, &#8220;z&#8221;)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u015eimdi, hangi de\u011ferlerin a veya b veya c veya d oldu\u011funu belirten bir mant\u0131ksal vekt\u00f6r olu\u015fturmak istedi\u011finizi varsayal\u0131m. Bu mant\u0131ksal vekt\u00f6r\u00fc \u00e7oklu | (OR-VEYA) komutlar\u0131:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>x == &#8220;a&#8221; | x == &#8220;b&#8221; | x == &#8220;c&#8221; | x == &#8220;d&#8221;<br>[1] TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ancak, bunu yazmak uzun zaman al\u0131yor. Neyse ki, %n% i\u015flemi, birden \u00e7ok OR kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ok daha h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde birle\u015ftirmeye izin veriyor. %n% operat\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc kullanmak i\u00e7in, yaln\u0131zca orijinal vekt\u00f6rle olas\u0131 de\u011ferlerin yeni bir vekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn aras\u0131na yerle\u015ftirin. %n% fonksiyonu x vekt\u00f6r\u00fcndeki her de\u011ferden ge\u00e7er ve olas\u0131 de\u011ferlerin vekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde bulursa TRUE de\u011ferini d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr &#8211; aksi takdirde FALSE d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>x %in% c(&#8220;a&#8221;, &#8220;b&#8221;, &#8220;c&#8221;, &#8220;d&#8221;)<br>[1] TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Mant\u0131ksal vekt\u00f6rlerden say\u0131lar ve y\u00fczdeler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pek \u00e7ok (t\u00fcm\u00fc de\u011filse bile) R fonksiyonlar\u0131, TRUE de\u011ferlerini 1 ve FALSE de\u011ferini 0 olarak yorumlar. Bu, \u201cBir veri vekt\u00f6r\u00fcndeki ka\u00e7 de\u011fer 0&#8217;dan b\u00fcy\u00fck?\u201d veya \u201cToplam () veya mean () i\u015flevini mant\u0131ksal bir vekt\u00f6re uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda hangi de\u011ferlerin y\u00fczdesi 5\u2019e e\u015fittir?\u201d sorular\u0131n\u0131 kolay cevaplaman\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pozitif 2 ve negatif 7 i\u00e7eren x uzunlu\u011funda bir 10 vekt\u00f6r\u00fcyle ba\u015flayal\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>x &lt;- c(1, 2, 3, -7, -7, -7, -7, -7)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hangi de\u011ferlerin 0&#8217;dan b\u00fcy\u00fck oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in mant\u0131ksal bir vekt\u00f6r olu\u015fturabiliriz:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>x &gt; 0<br>[1] TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u015eimdi, x&#8217; deki de\u011ferlerin ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n pozitif oldu\u011funu ve y\u00fczdesini g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in bu mant\u0131ksal vekt\u00f6rde sum () ve mean () y\u00f6ntemini kullanaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>sum(x &gt; 0)<br>[1] 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>mean(x&gt;0)<br>[1] 0.375<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu ger\u00e7ekten g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ara\u00e7, \u201cY\u2019nin i\u00e7inde ka\u00e7 tane X\u2019 den oldu\u011fu\u201d veya \u201cX&#8217; in y\u00fczde ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n Y\u2019de oldu\u011fu\u201d gibi sorular\u0131 yan\u0131tlamak istedi\u011finizde, arg\u00fcman olarak mant\u0131ksal bir vekt\u00f6rle sum () veya mean () i\u015flevini kullan\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ek Mant\u0131ksal fonksiyonlar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>R, vekt\u00f6rleri arg\u00fcman olarak alan ve mant\u0131ksal vekt\u00f6rleri \u00e7oklu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlere g\u00f6re d\u00f6nd\u00fcren bir\u00e7ok \u00f6zel fonksiyona sahiptir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir vekt\u00f6r\u00fcn hangi de\u011ferlerinin eksik oldu\u011funu test etmek i\u00e7in is.na () i\u015flevini kullanabilirsiniz. Tablo 7.1, s\u0131kl\u0131kla kullan\u0131lan baz\u0131 fonksiyonlar\u0131 i\u00e7ermektedir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Fonksiyon&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Tan\u0131m\u0131&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; \u00d6rnek&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Sonu\u00e7<br>is.na(x)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;x\u2019 in i\u00e7inde hangi de\u011ferler NA?&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;is.na(c(2, NA, 5))&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; FALSE,&nbsp; TRUE, FALSE<br>is.finite(x)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; x\u2019 in i\u00e7inde hangi de\u011ferler say\u0131?&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;is.finite(c(NA, 89, 0))&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; FALSE, TRUE, TRUE<br>duplicated(x) x\u2019 in i\u00e7inde hangi de\u011ferler tekrar?&nbsp; duplicated(c(1, 4, 1, 2))&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE<br>which(x)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; x\u2019 in i\u00e7inde hangi de\u011ferler TRUE?&nbsp; which(c(TRUE, FALSE, TRUE))&nbsp; 1, 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mant\u0131ksal vekt\u00f6rler sadece indeksleme i\u00e7in de\u011fil, bir vekt\u00f6rdeki hangi de\u011ferlerin baz\u0131 kriterleri kar\u015f\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bulmak i\u00e7in de kullanabilirsiniz. Bunu yapmak i\u00e7in, which () fonksiyonunu kullan\u0131n. Which () fonksiyonunu mant\u0131ksal bir vekt\u00f6re uygularsan\u0131z, R size indeksin hangi de\u011ferlerinin TRUE oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyecektir. \u00d6rne\u011fin:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p># cinsiyet bilgisini i\u00e7eren bir vekt\u00f6r<br>sex &lt;- c(&#8220;e&#8221;, &#8220;e&#8221;, &#8220;k&#8221;, &#8220;e&#8221;, &#8220;k&#8221;, &#8220;k&#8221;)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p># hangi cinsiyet de\u011ferleri e?<br>which(sex == &#8220;e&#8221;)<br>[1] 1 2 4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p># hangi cinsiyet de\u011ferleri k?<br>which(sex == &#8220;k&#8221;)<br>[1] 3 5 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ge\u00e7ersiz yan\u0131tlar\u0131 d\u00fczeltme<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Atama ve indeksleme, \u00f6zellikle bir analiz yapmadan \u00f6nce vekt\u00f6rdeki ge\u00e7ersiz de\u011ferleri kald\u0131rmak istedi\u011finizde yararl\u0131 bir ara\u00e7t\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, 10 ki\u015fiye 1&#8217;den 5&#8217;e kadar ne kadar mutlu olduklar\u0131n\u0131 sordu\u011funuzu ve \u015fu yan\u0131tlar\u0131 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 varsayal\u0131m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>mutlu &lt;- c(1, 4, 2, 999, 2, 3, -2, 3, 2, 999)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>G\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcz gibi, bu vekt\u00f6rde baz\u0131 ge\u00e7ersiz de\u011ferlere (999 ve -2 gibi) sahibiz. Bunlar\u0131 kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in ge\u00e7ersiz de\u011ferleri (999 ve -2) NA olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in mant\u0131ksal endeksleme kullanaca\u011f\u0131z. % in % kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, hangi de\u011ferlerin mutlulu\u011funun ge\u00e7ersiz oldu\u011funu belirten bir mant\u0131ksal vekt\u00f6r olu\u015fturaca\u011f\u0131z. Hangi de\u011ferlerin ge\u00e7ersiz oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rmek istedi\u011fimiz i\u00e7in, == FALSE ko\u015fulunu ekleyece\u011fiz (yoksa, dizin bize hangi de\u011ferlerin ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyecektir).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p># Mutlulu\u011fun hangi de\u011ferleri 1:5 setinin i\u00e7inde de\u011fildir?<br>ge\u00e7ersiz &lt;- (mutlu %in% 1:5) == FALSE<br>ge\u00e7ersiz<br>[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u015eimdi bize hangi de\u011ferlerin ge\u00e7ersiz oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyen mant\u0131ksal bir ge\u00e7ersiz indeksimiz var (yani, 1 ile 5 aras\u0131ndaki setlerde olmayan), gecersiz ile mutlu\u2019 yu indeksleyece\u011fiz ve ge\u00e7ersiz de\u011ferleri NA olarak atayaca\u011f\u0131z:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p># mutlu\u2019 daki ge\u00e7ersiz de\u011ferleri NA olarak ata<br>mutlu[ge\u00e7ersiz] &lt;- NA<br>mutlu<br>[1] 1 4 2 NA 2 3 NA 3 2 NA<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ayn\u0131 i\u015flemi daha k\u0131sa olarak a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibi tek sat\u0131rl\u0131k kod ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebiliriz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p># mutlu\u2019 da 1\u2019den 5\u2019e kadar tamsay\u0131 olmayan t\u00fcm de\u011ferlerini NA olarak ata<br>mutlu[(mutlu %in% 1:5) == FALSE] &lt;- NA<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>G\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcz gibi, mutlu \u2019da \u015fimdi daha \u00f6nce ge\u00e7ersiz olan de\u011ferler i\u00e7in NA var. \u015eimdi vekt\u00f6r\u00fcn bir ortalamas\u0131n\u0131 mean() alabilir ve ge\u00e7erli yan\u0131tlar\u0131n ortalamas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rebiliriz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p># NA de\u011ferlerini kaale almamak i\u00e7in na.rm = TRUE ekliyoruz<br>mean(mutlu, na.rm = TRUE)<br>[1] 2.428571<br><a name=\"matris\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3>Matris<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Matris, R&#8217;de sat\u0131rlar ve s\u00fctunlar olarak iki boyut niteli\u011fine sahip bir veri t\u00fcr\u00fc ve veri depolaman\u0131n \u00e7ok yayg\u0131n bir yoludur. Matrisler basit\u00e7e boyut-dim \u00f6zniteli\u011fi olan vekt\u00f6rlerdir ve iste\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak vekt\u00f6re vekt\u00f6r isimleri-dimname&#8217;ler eklenebilir. Ayn\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f tipi elemanlara sahiptir, yani bir matristeki t\u00fcm s\u00fctunlar ayn\u0131 tarzda (say\u0131sal, karakter vb.) ve ayn\u0131 uzunlukta olmal\u0131d\u0131r. R, birinci s\u00fctundan ba\u015flayarak s\u00fctunlara verilerin girilmesini ister.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Genel format:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>matrisim &lt;- matrix(vektor, nrow=r, ncol=c, byrow=FALSE,<br>dimnames=list(kar_vektor_siraisimleri, kar_vektor_kolonisimleri))<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>byrow = TRUE, matrisin sat\u0131rlarla doldurulmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini belirtir. byrow = FALSE, matrisin s\u00fctunlarla doldurulmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini belirtir (varsay\u0131land\u0131r). Dimnames ise s\u00fctunlar ve sat\u0131rlar i\u00e7in iste\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131 etiketler verilmesini sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>K\u0131saca matrix olu\u015fturma \u00f6rne\u011fi verelim:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>m1 &lt;- 1:4&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;# m1, bir eleman dizisini i\u00e7eren bir vekt\u00f6r nesnesi<br>dim(m1) &lt;- c(2, 2) # bir matris yapmak i\u00e7in boyutunu 2X2 (2 sat\u0131r, 2 s\u00fctun) olarak tan\u0131mlay\u0131n<br>m1&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; # matrix\u2019i yazd\u0131r<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[,1] [,2]<br>[1,] 1&nbsp; &nbsp; 3<br>[2,] 2&nbsp; &nbsp; 4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bir ba\u015fka \u00f6rnek:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A = matrix(<br>c(2, 4, 3, 1, 5, 7),&nbsp; &nbsp; # veri elemanlar\u0131<br>nrow=2,&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;# satir say\u0131s\u0131<br>ncol=3,&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;# kolon say\u0131s\u0131<br>byrow = TRUE)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;# matrix&#8217;i sat\u0131rlarla doldur<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;#matrix\u2019i yazd\u0131r<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[,1] [,2] [,3]<br>[1,] 2&nbsp; &nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;3<br>[2,] 1&nbsp; &nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;7<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bir ba\u015fka \u00f6rnek:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>mmat = matrix(1:12,ncol=3)<br>mmat #matrix\u2019i yazd\u0131r<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[,1] [,2] [,3]<br>[1,] 1&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;5&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;9<br>[2,] 2&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;6&nbsp; &nbsp; 10<br>[3,] 3&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;7&nbsp; &nbsp; 11<br>[4,] 4&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;8&nbsp; &nbsp; 12<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u00fctunlar yerine sat\u0131rlara g\u00f6re bir matris olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in, byrow = TRUE arg\u00fcman\u0131 kullan\u0131labilir:<br>mmat = matrix(1:12,ncol=3,byrow=TRUE)<br>mmat #matrix\u2019i yazd\u0131r<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[,1] [,2] [,3]<br>[1,] 1&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;2&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;3<br>[2,] 4&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;5&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;6<br>[3,] 7&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;8&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;9<br>[4,] 10&nbsp; &nbsp;11&nbsp; &nbsp;12<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Verilerin bir dosyadan okunmas\u0131 gerekiyorsa, scan ile \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131l\u0131p matris i\u00e7ine basit\u00e7e ekleyebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>matrix.dat dosyas\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki verileri i\u00e7ersin:<br>7 12 19 4<br>18 7 12 3<br>9 5 8 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki komutla bu veri dosyas\u0131ndan verileri alabiliriz.<br>mmat= matrix(scan(&#8216;matrix.dat&#8217;),nrow=3,byrow=TRUE)<br>mmat #matrix\u2019i yazd\u0131r<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bir matrisin tek bir \u00f6\u011fesine eri\u015fmek i\u00e7in, ilgilendi\u011fimiz hem sat\u0131r\u0131 hem de s\u00fctunu belirtmemiz gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A = matrix( c(2, 4, 3, 1, 5, 7), nrow=2, ncol=3, byrow = TRUE)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A[2, 3]&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;# 2ci s\u0131ra 3c\u00fc s\u00fctundaki eleman<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[1] 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>m\u2019inci s\u0131ran\u0131n tamam\u0131 A [m] olarak elde edilebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A[2, ]&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;# 2ci s\u0131ra<br>[1] 1 5 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Benzer \u015fekilde, n.ci s\u00fctununun tamam\u0131 A [, n] olarak elde edilebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A[ ,3]&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; # 3.c\u00fc s\u00fctun<br>[1] 3 7<br>Ayn\u0131 anda birden fazla sat\u0131r veya s\u00fctun da alabiliriz.<br>A[ ,c(1,3)]&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; # 1.ci ve 3.c\u00fc s\u00fctun<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[,1] [,2]<br>[1,] 2&nbsp; &nbsp; 3<br>[2,] 1&nbsp; &nbsp; 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>nrow(A)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;# matristeki sat\u0131r say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 verir<br>[1] 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>ncol(A)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;# matristeki s\u00fctun say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 verir<br>[1] 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>dim(A)<br>[1] 2 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Matrisin sat\u0131r ve s\u00fctunlar\u0131na isimler atad\u0131ysak, elemanlara isimleri kullanarak eri\u015febiliriz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>dimnames(A) = list( c(&#8220;row1&#8221;, &#8220;row2&#8221;), c(&#8220;col1&#8221;, &#8220;col2&#8221;, &#8220;col3&#8221;))<br>A<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>col1 col2 col3<br>row1 2&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;4&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 3<br>row2 1&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;5&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A[&#8220;row2&#8221;, &#8220;col3&#8221;] # 2.ci sat\u0131r 3.cu s\u00fctun eleman\u0131<br>[1] 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Martix olu\u015fturma \u00f6rne\u011fimize geri d\u00f6nersek, elemanlar\u0131n tipini tamsay\u0131-integer oldu\u011funu typeof() fonksiyonu ile g\u00f6rebiliriz. R&#8217;de kullan\u0131lan en yayg\u0131n iki say\u0131sal s\u0131n\u0131f tamsay\u0131(integer) ve \u00e7ifttir(double) (\u00e7ift-double- duyarl\u0131kl\u0131 kayan noktal\u0131 say\u0131lar i\u00e7in). R, matematiksel ama\u00e7lar i\u00e7in ihtiya\u00e7 duyuldu\u011funda bu iki s\u0131n\u0131f aras\u0131nda otomatik olarak d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>typeof(m1) # elemanlar\u0131n tipi. Burada, matriste saklanan elemanlar tamsay\u0131 tipidir.<br>[1] &#8220;integer&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>m2 &lt;- matrix(nrow = 2, ncol = 2) #matris de\u011ferlerini tan\u0131mlamad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z i\u00e7in NA ile dolu matrisi alaca\u011f\u0131z<br>m2<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[,1] [,2]<br>[1,] NA NA<br>[2,] NA NA<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>dim(m2)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;# m2 matrix\u2019in boyutu nedir?<br>[1] 2 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>is.matrix() fonksiyonu ile bir \u015feyin matrix olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sorgulayabiliriz. Cevap TRUE ise matrix FALSE ise matrix de\u011fil deriz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>is.matrix(m2)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;# m2 Bir matris mi?<br>[1] TRUE<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Matrix \u00e7e\u015fitlerine bakacak olursak;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u0131f\u0131r Matrix,<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Z &lt;- matrix(0,3,2)<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Z<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[,1] [,2]<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[1,] 0&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 0<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[2,] 0&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 0<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[3,] 0&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Birim Matrix.<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;I &lt;- diag(c(1,1,1))<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;I<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [,1] [,2] [,3]<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[1,] 1&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;0&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;0<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[2,] 0&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;1&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;0<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[3,] 0&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;0&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>K\u00f6\u015fegen matrix,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; K\u00f6\u015fegen matrisler zaten kare matris olmak zorundad\u0131r. Ancak k\u00f6\u015fegenlerindeki elemanlar hari\u00e7 di\u011fer t\u00fcm elemanlar s\u0131f\u0131rd\u0131r. K\u00f6\u015fegen ilk sat\u0131r\u0131n en solundan ba\u015flar, \u00e7apraz bir \u015fekilde son sat\u0131r\u0131n en sa\u011f\u0131ndaki say\u0131ya kadar iner.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp;A &lt;- diag(c(1,2,3))<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;A<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[,1] [,2] [,3]<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; [1,]&nbsp; 1&nbsp; &nbsp; 0&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;0<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; [2,]&nbsp; 0&nbsp; &nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;0<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; [3,]&nbsp; 0&nbsp; &nbsp; 0&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;K\u00f6\u015fegen elemanlar\u0131 birbirine e\u015fit olan k\u00f6\u015fegen matrise skalar matris denir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ortogonal matrix,<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Ortogonal bir matris, sat\u0131rlar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 olarak ortonormal ve s\u00fctunlar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 olarak ortonormal olan bir kare matristir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; A &lt;- matrix( c(cos(0), sin(0), -sin(0), cos(0)), nrow=2, ncol=2, byrow = TRUE) <br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; A<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [,1] [,2]<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [1,] 1&nbsp; &nbsp; 0<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [2,] 0&nbsp; &nbsp; 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; AT&lt;- t(A) ## AT = matrix( c(cos(0), -sin(0), sin(0), cos(0)), nrow=2, ncol=2, byrow = T) <br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; AT<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [,1] [,2]<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [1,] 1&nbsp; &nbsp; 0<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [2,] 0&nbsp; &nbsp; 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; C &lt;- A*AT&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;## C = matrix((cos(0)*cos(0)+(\u2212sin(0))*(\u2212sin(0))), (cos(0)*sin(0)+(\u2212sin(0))*cos(0)), (sin(0)*cos(0)+cos(0)*(\u2212sin(0))), (sin(0)*sin(0)+cos(0)*cos(0)), nrow=2, ncol=2, byrow = TRUE)<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; C<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [,1] [,2]<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [1,] 1&nbsp; &nbsp; 0<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [2,] 0&nbsp; &nbsp; 1&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00dc\u00e7gen matrix,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Bir kare matriste asal k\u00f6\u015fegenin \u00fcst\u00fcnde ya da alt\u0131nda kalan t\u00fcm elemanlar s\u0131f\u0131r ise bu matrise \u00fc\u00e7gen matris denir. \u00dc\u00e7gen bir matris, yaln\u0131zca k\u00f6\u015fegeninin hi\u00e7bir eleman\u0131 s\u0131f\u0131r de\u011filse ters \u00e7evrilebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; A &lt;- matrix( c(2, 3, 1, 0,1, 3, 0, 0, 4), nrow=3, ncol=3, byrow = TRUE)<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; A<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [,1] [,2] [,3]<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [1,] 2&nbsp; &nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; 1<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [2,] 0&nbsp; &nbsp; 1&nbsp; &nbsp; 3<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [3,] 0&nbsp; &nbsp; 0&nbsp; &nbsp; 4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Simetrik Matrix,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Matrix\u2019te alt \u00fc\u00e7gen elemanlar\u0131yla \u00fcst \u00fc\u00e7gen elemanlar\u0131n\u0131&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011fimizde o matrix\u2019in simetrik matrix\u2019ini elde ederiz. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00f6rnekte \u00fcst \u00fc\u00e7gen elemanlar\u0131 2 3 -2\u2019in ustunde kalan 1 4 ve 5, alt \u00fc\u00e7gen elemanlar\u0131 da aynen 1 4 ve 5. Matrix ve tersi(transpoze) &#8211; t(C) birbirine e\u015fit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;C &lt;- matrix(c(2,1,5,1,3,4,5,4,-2),3,3)<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;C<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[,1] [,2] [,3]<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[1,] 2&nbsp; &nbsp; 1&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;5<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[2,] 1&nbsp; &nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;4<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[3,] 5&nbsp; &nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; -2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;CT &lt;- t(C)&nbsp; ## C&#8217;nin tersi, transpozesi<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;CT<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[,1] [,2] [,3]<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[1,] 2&nbsp; &nbsp; 1&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;5<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[2,] 1&nbsp; &nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;4<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[3,] 5&nbsp; &nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; -2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Karma\u015f\u0131k\/Kompleks matrix,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Her elementi karma\u015f\u0131k bir say\u0131 ise, matrix, karma\u015f\u0131k matrix olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;A &lt;- matrix(c(1, 2, 2+3i, 5), ncol = 2) # Karma\u015f\u0131k\/Kompleks matrix<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ger\u00e7ek matrix,<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Her elementi ger\u00e7ek say\u0131 ise, matrix, ger\u00e7ek matrix olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;B &lt;- matrix(1:4, ncol = 2)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;# ger\u00e7ek matrix<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Boolean matrix,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Elemanlar\u0131 TRUE, FALSE veya 0, 1\u2019lerden olu\u015fan martix\u2019tir.<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;C &lt;- matrix(c(TRUE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE), ncol = 2) # boolean matrix<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Karakter matrix,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Elemanlar\u0131 karakterlerden olu\u015fan martix\u2019tir.<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;D &lt;- matrix(c(&#8216;a&#8217;, &#8216;b&#8217;, &#8216;c&#8217;, &#8216;d&#8217;), ncol = 2)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;# karakter matrix<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tekil matrix<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;E &lt;- matrix(c(1,2+3i,&#8217;a&#8217;,TRUE),ncol=2)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;# tekil matrix<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u015eimdi biraz da matrix\u2019lerle ilgili fonksiyonlar\u0131 g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irelim;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>cbind () ve rbind () fonksiyonlar\u0131 vekt\u00f6rleri s\u00fctun s\u00fctun ya da sat\u0131r sat\u0131r matrislerle s\u0131raya g\u00f6re birle\u015ftirir. <br>v1 ve v2 iki vekt\u00f6r; <br>v1 &lt;- 1:5<br>v2 &lt;- 5:1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>cbind(v1,v2)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;#v1 ve v2 ile s\u00fctun matrix olu\u015fuyor<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;v1 v2<br>[1,] 1&nbsp; 5<br>[2,] 2&nbsp; 4<br>[3,] 3&nbsp; 3<br>[4,] 4&nbsp; 2<br>[5,] 5&nbsp; 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"matris-tr\"><\/a>rbind(v1,v2)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;#v1 ve v2 ile sat\u0131r matrix olu\u015fuyor<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]<br>v1 1&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;2&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;3&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;4&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;5<br>v2 5&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;4&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;3&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;2&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>t() transpoze fonksiyonu matrix\u2019i tersine \u00e7evirir. Yani s\u00fctunlar sat\u0131rlara, sat\u0131rlar s\u00fctunlara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>X &lt;- matrix(data = 1:15, nrow = 5, ncol = 5, byrow = T)<br>X<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]<br>[1,] 1&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;2&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;3&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;4&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;5<br>[2,] 6&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;7&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;8&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;9&nbsp; &nbsp;10<br>[3,] 11&nbsp; &nbsp;12&nbsp; 13&nbsp; &nbsp;14&nbsp; 15<br>[4,] 1&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;2&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;3&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;4&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;5<br>[5,] 6&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;7&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;8&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;9&nbsp; &nbsp; 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>t(X)<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]<br>[1,] 1&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;6&nbsp; &nbsp; 11&nbsp; &nbsp; 1&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;6<br>[2,] 2&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;7&nbsp; &nbsp; 12&nbsp; &nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;7<br>[3,] 3&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;8&nbsp; &nbsp; 13&nbsp; &nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;8<br>[4,] 4&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;9&nbsp; &nbsp; 14&nbsp; &nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;9<br>[5,] 5&nbsp; &nbsp;10&nbsp; &nbsp; 15&nbsp; &nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp;10<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>nrow(X)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;# X ka\u00e7 sat\u0131r<br>[1] 5<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>ncol(X)<br>[1] 5&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;#X ka\u00e7 s\u00fctun<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>R\u2019da * \u00f6\u011fe bazl\u0131 sabitle \u00e7arpma i\u00e7in operat\u00f6r olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a = c(1,2,3)<br>b = c(2,4,6)<br>c = cbind(a,b)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; #a ve b vekt\u00f6rlerini c matrix\u2019inde birle\u015ftirdik<br>x = c(2,2,2)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;#sabitimiz<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Verimizi inceleyelim;<br>c<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; a b<br>[1,] 1 2<br>[2,] 2 4<br>[3,] 3 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>x<br>[1] 2 2 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>y&lt;- c*x<br>k&lt;- x*c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>y ve k nin ayn\u0131 de\u011ferleri ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6relim;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>y<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; a b<br>[1,] 2 4<br>[2,] 4 8<br>[3,] 6 12<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>k<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;a b<br>[1,] 2 4<br>[2,] 4 8<br>[3,] 6 12<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u015eimdi ba\u015fka \u00f6rneklerle devam edelim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A &lt;- matrix(c(2,3,-2,1,2,2),3,2)<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[,1] [,2]<br>[1,] 2&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;1<br>[2,] 3&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;2<br>[3,] -2&nbsp; &nbsp; 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bir sabit say\u0131 ile \u00e7arp\u0131m;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>c &lt;- 3<br>c*A<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[,1] [,2]<br>[1,] 6&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;3<br>[2,] 9&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;6<br>[3,] -6&nbsp; &nbsp; 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>B &lt;- matrix(c(1,4,-2,1,2,1),3,2)<br>B<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; [,1] [,2]<br>[1,] 1&nbsp; &nbsp; 1<br>[2,] 4&nbsp; &nbsp; 2<br>[3,] -2&nbsp; &nbsp;1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130ki matrix ile toplama yapal\u0131m;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C &lt;- A + B<br>C<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; [,1] [,2]<br>[1,] 3&nbsp; &nbsp; 2<br>[2,] 7&nbsp; &nbsp; 4<br>[3,] -4&nbsp; &nbsp;3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bakal\u0131m \u00e7\u0131karma nas\u0131l olacak;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>D &lt;- A &#8211; B<br>D<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[,1] [,2]<br>[1,] 1&nbsp; &nbsp; 0<br>[2,] -1&nbsp; &nbsp;0<br>[3,] 0&nbsp; &nbsp; 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi birinci matrix\u2019in birinci eleman\u0131ndan ikinci matrisin birinci eleman\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131 ve sonu\u00e7 matrix D\u2019 nin birinci eleman\u0131 olarak yerle\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u015eimdi ba\u015fka \u00f6rneklerle devam edelim;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>D &lt;- matrix(c(2,-2,1,2,3,1),2,3)<br>D<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[,1] [,2] [,3]<br>[1,] 2&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;1&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;3<br>[2,] -2&nbsp; &nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Matrix\u2019lerin \u00e7arp\u0131m\u0131na bakal\u0131m D ile bir \u00f6nceki \u00f6rnekteki A matrix\u2019ini \u00e7arpal\u0131m;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hat\u0131rlayal\u0131m; <br>A &lt;- matrix(c(2,3,-2,1,2,2),3,2)<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; [,1] [,2]<br>[1,] 2&nbsp; &nbsp; 1<br>[2,] 3&nbsp; &nbsp; 2<br>[3,] -2&nbsp; &nbsp;2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>R\u2019da matrix\u2019leri birbirleriyle \u00e7arpmak i\u00e7in %*% kullan\u0131yoruz;<br>C &lt;- D %*% A<br>C<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[,1] [,2]<br>[1,] 1&nbsp; &nbsp; 10<br>[2,] 0&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sonu\u00e7 C matrix\u2019in nas\u0131l elde edildi\u011fini g\u00f6relim;<br>D matrix\u2019in 1ci satiri ile A matrix\u2019in 1ci s\u00fctunu \u00e7arpaca\u011f\u0131z \u00f6nce<br>(2&#215;2)+(3&#215;1)+(-2&#215;3)= 1 sonra D matrix\u2019in birinci sat\u0131r\u0131 ile A matrix\u2019in ikinci s\u00fctununu \u00e7arpaca\u011f\u0131z; (2&#215;1)+(1&#215;2)+(3&#215;2)= 10 b\u00f6ylece sonu\u00e7 C matrix\u2019in ilk sat\u0131r\u0131 olu\u015fmu\u015f oldu. Devam edelim; D matrix\u2019in 2ci satiri ile A matrix\u2019in 1ci s\u00fctunu \u00e7arpaca\u011f\u0131z (-2&#215;2)+(2&#215;3)+(1x(-2))= 0 sonra D matrix\u2019in ikinci sat\u0131r\u0131 ile A matrix\u2019in ikinci s\u00fctununu \u00e7arpal\u0131m; (-2&#215;1)+(2&#215;2)+(1&#215;2)= 4 b\u00f6ylece sonu\u00e7 C matrix\u2019in ikinci sat\u0131r\u0131 olu\u015fmu\u015f oldu ve \u00e7arpacak ba\u015fka bir \u015fey kalmad\u0131. B\u00f6ylece 2&#215;3 boyutlu bir matrix ile 3&#215;2 boyutlu matrix \u00e7arp\u0131m sonucunun 2&#215;2 boyutlu bir matrix oldu\u011funu ayn\u0131 matematikteki g\u00f6rd\u00fck.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tersini deneyelim;<br>C &lt;- A %*% D<br>C<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[,1] [,2] [,3]<br>[1,] 2&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;4&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;7<br>[2,] 2&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;7&nbsp; &nbsp; 11<br>[3,] -8&nbsp; &nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; -4<br>Sonu\u00e7 C matrix\u2019ini g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irelim;<br>Bu durumda da yine ilk matrix\u2019in ilk sat\u0131r\u0131 ile ikinci matrix\u2019in ilk s\u00fctunu \u00e7arp\u0131lacak ve b\u00f6yle devam edilecek, \u00e7arpma i\u015fleminde fark yok. A matrix\u2019in 1ci sat\u0131r\u0131 ile D matrix\u2019in 1ci s\u00fctununu \u00e7arpaca\u011f\u0131z \u00f6nce; (2&#215;2)+(1x(-2))= 2, sonra A matrix\u2019in 1ci sat\u0131r\u0131 ile D matrix\u2019in 2ci s\u00fctununu \u00e7arpaca\u011f\u0131z (2&#215;1)+(1&#215;2)=4, sonra A matrix\u2019in 1ci sat\u0131r\u0131 ile D matrix\u2019in 3ci s\u00fctununu \u00e7arpaca\u011f\u0131z (2&#215;3)+(1&#215;1)=7 b\u00f6ylece C matrix\u2019in ilk sat\u0131r\u0131 belirlenmi\u015f oldu. C matrix\u2019in ikinci sat\u0131r\u0131 i\u00e7in; (3&#215;2)+(2x(-2))=2, (3&#215;1)+(2&#215;2)=7, (3&#215;3)+(2&#215;1)=11, C matrix\u2019in \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc sat\u0131r\u0131 i\u00e7in; (-2&#215;2)+(2x(-2))=-8, (-2&#215;1)+(2&#215;2)=2,(-2&#215;3)+(2&#215;1)=-4 belirlenecek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Matematikten de bildi\u011fimiz gibi matrix \u00e7arp\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 hesaplayabilmek i\u00e7in ilk matrix\u2019in s\u00fctun say\u0131s\u0131 ile ikinci matrix\u2019in sat\u0131r say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ayn\u0131 olmas\u0131 gerekiyor. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki boyutlardaki matrix \u00e7arp\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 hesaplamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil, bunlar\u0131n \u00e7arp\u0131m\u0131 R\u2019 da hata ile sonu\u00e7lanacakt\u0131r;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2x<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">2<\/span> and <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">3<\/span>x3<br>3x<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">2<\/span> and <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">1<\/span>x4<br>4x<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">3<\/span> and <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">2<\/span>x2<br>2x<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">5<\/span> and <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">2<\/span>x5<br>1x<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">3<\/span> and <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">1<\/span>x5<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>D &lt;- matrix(c(2,1,3),1,3)<br>D<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; [,1] [,2] [,3]<br>[1,] 2&nbsp; &nbsp; 1&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;3<br>Bu D matrix\u2019ini elimizdeki A matrix\u2019i ile \u00e7arpal\u0131m;<br>C &lt;- D %*% A<br>C<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[,1] [,2]<br>[1,] 1&nbsp; &nbsp; 10<br>A matrix\u2019i 3&#215;2 boyutlu idi D ise \u015fimdi 1&#215;3 boyutunda, D %*% A buradan, 1&#215;3 boyutlu matrix ile 3&#215;2 boyutlu matrix sonucu 1&#215;2 boyutlu matrix olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A ile D yi \u00e7arpmay\u0131 deneyelim; yani 3&#215;2 boyutlu matrix ile 1&#215;3 boyutlu matrix \u00e7arp\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 deneyece\u011fiz. A\u2019nin s\u00fctun say\u0131s\u0131 2 iken D nin sat\u0131r say\u0131s\u0131 1 oldu\u011fundan bu \u00e7arp\u0131m hata ile sonu\u00e7lanacakt\u0131r<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C &lt;- A %*% D<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Error in A %*% D : non-conformable arguments<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>B\u00f6lme i\u015flemine de bakal\u0131m. <br>A ve B a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibi ayn\u0131 boyutta say\u0131sal iki matrix ise A\/B <br>A &lt;- matrix(1:4, 2, 2)<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[,1] [,2]<br>[1,] 1&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;3<br>[2,] 2&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>B &lt;- matrix((1:4) * 2, 2, 2)<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[,1] [,2]<br>[1,] 2&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;6<br>[2,] 4&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;8<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C &lt;- A \/ B<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [,1] [,2]<br>[1,] 0.5&nbsp; 0.5<br>[2,] 0.5&nbsp; 0.5<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>B[i,j] == 0 oldu\u011funda A[i,j] &lt;- 0 olmal\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>E\u011fer B\u2019nin elemanlar\u0131 0 ise A\/B sonucu olarak NaN, Inf veya -Inf de\u011ferleri A\u2019daki kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re ge\u00e7erli olur. <br>Unutmadan;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0 \/ 0<br>[1] NA<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1 \/ 0<br>[1] Inf<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>-1 \/ 0<br>[1] -Inf<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>E\u011fer sonucu 0 ile de\u011fi\u015ftirmek istersek;<br>C &lt;- 1 \/ 0<br>C[!is.finite(C)] &lt;- 0<br>C<br>[1] 0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>is.infinite is.finite\u2019in tersi de\u011fil, ama is.na\u2019nin tersi. Bundan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc !is.finite kulland\u0131k.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>R nas\u0131l bir de\u011ferlendirme yap\u0131yor bakal\u0131m;<br>x &lt;- c(NA, NaN, Inf, -Inf)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>is.finite(x)<br>[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>is.infinite(x)<br>[1] FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>is.na(x)<br>[1] TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>is.nan(x)<br>[1] FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bir matrix\u2019in tersi,<br>A kare matrix(ayn\u0131 say\u0131da sat\u0131r ve s\u00fctuna sahip matrix) ise tersi solve(A) ile hesaplan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A &lt;- matrix(c(4,4,-2,2,6,2,2,8,4),3,3)<br>A<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[,1] [,2] [,3]<br>[1,] 4&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;2&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;2<br>[2,] 4&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;6&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;8<br>[3,] -2&nbsp; &nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>AI &lt;- solve(A)<br>AI<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[,1]&nbsp; &nbsp;[,2]&nbsp; &nbsp;[,3]<br>[1,] 1.0&nbsp; -0.5&nbsp; &nbsp;0.5<br>[2,] -4.0&nbsp; 2.5&nbsp; -3.0<br>[3,] 2.5&nbsp; &nbsp;-1.5&nbsp; 2.0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A %*% AI<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; [,1] [,2] [,3]<br>[1,] 1&nbsp; &nbsp; 0&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;0<br>[2,] 0&nbsp; &nbsp; 1&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;0<br>[3,] 0&nbsp; &nbsp; 0&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>AI %*% A<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[,1] [,2] [,3]<br>[1,] 1&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;0&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;0<br>[2,] 0&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;1&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;0<br>[3,] 0&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;0&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bir matrisin tersi ile <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00e7arp\u0131m\u0131<\/span> birim matrisi verir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"dizi\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3>Diziler<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">R\u2019 da diziler matrislere benzer ancak ikiden fazla boyuta sahip olabilirler. Asl<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0131<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">nda bir matris, iki boyutlu bir dizinin \u00f6zel durumudur. Basit\u00e7e, dizi boyutlar\u0131 (&#8220;dim&#8221; niteli\u011fi) verilebilen ve iste\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak bu boyutlar i\u00e7in isimler (&#8220;dimnames&#8221; \u00f6zelli\u011fi) atanabilen ek niteliklerle depolanan bir vekt\u00f6rd\u00fcr.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>R&#8217;da dizi array() fonksiyonu ile tan\u0131mlanabilir.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span class=\"commentcolor\"># 1 ile 18 aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen de\u011ferlere sahip tek boyutlu bir dizi<br><\/span>birdizi &lt;- c(<span class=\"pythonnumbercolor\">1<\/span>:<span class=\"pythonnumbercolor\">18<\/span>)<br>birdizi<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p># Birden fazla boyuta sahip bir dizi<br>cokludizi &lt;- array (birdizi, dim = c (4, 3, 2))<br>cokludizi<br>, , 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; [,1] [,2] [,3]<br>[1,] 1&nbsp; &nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;9<br>[2,] 2&nbsp; &nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp;10<br>[3,] 3&nbsp; &nbsp; 7&nbsp; &nbsp;11<br>[4,] 4&nbsp; &nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp;12<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>, , 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [,1] [,2] [,3]<br>[1,] 13&nbsp; 17&nbsp; &nbsp; 3<br>[2,] 14&nbsp; 18&nbsp; &nbsp; 4<br>[3,] 15&nbsp; &nbsp; 1&nbsp; &nbsp; 5<br>[4,] 16&nbsp; &nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>dim=c(4,3,2)&nbsp; parantez i\u00e7indeki birinci ve ikinci say\u0131, sat\u0131r ve s\u00fctunlar\u0131n miktar\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. K\u00f6\u015feli parantez i\u00e7indeki son say\u0131, ka\u00e7 boyut istedi\u011fimizi belirtir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yani, s\u00f6zdizimi \u015fu \u015fekildedir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>array (sat\u0131r konumu, s\u00fctun konumu, matris d\u00fczeyi)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p># Birinci sat\u0131rdaki t\u00fcm \u00f6\u011felere eri\u015fim<br>cokludizi &lt;- array (birdizi, dim = c (4, 3, 2))<br>cokludizi [c (1) ,, 1]<br>&nbsp; [1] 1 5 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p># Birinci s\u00fctundaki t\u00fcm \u00f6\u011felere eri\u015fim<br>cokludizi &lt;- array (birdizi, dim = c (4, 3, 2))<br>cokludizi [, c (1), 1]<br>&nbsp; [1] 1 2 3 4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yani, cokludiziyi \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131ken c() den sonraki virg\u00fcl sat\u0131ra eri\u015fmek istedi\u011fimiz anlam\u0131na gelir. E\u011fer virg\u00fcl\u00fc c() den \u00f6nce yerle\u015ftirirsek s\u00fctuna eri\u015firiz. Yukar\u0131daki iki \u00f6rnekte s\u0131ras\u0131yla birinci sat\u0131ra ve sonrakinde birinci s\u00fctuna eri\u015filiyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bir dizideki sat\u0131r ve s\u00fctunlar\u0131n adedini bulmak i\u00e7in dim () i\u015flevini kullan\u0131r\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>dim(cokludizi)<br>&nbsp; [1] 4 3 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bir dizinin boyutunu bulmak i\u00e7in length () i\u015flevini kullan\u0131r\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>length(cokludizi)<br>&nbsp; [1] 24<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>as.array, diziye zorlamak i\u00e7in genel bir i\u015flevdir. \u00d6rne\u011fin harflerdden bir dizi olu\u015fturmak istersek a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00f6rnekte oldu\u011fu gibi bu i\u015flevi kullanabiliriz.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>harfdizi &lt;- as.array(letters)<br>harfdizi<br>&nbsp; [1] &#8220;a&#8221; &#8220;b&#8221; &#8220;c&#8221; &#8220;d&#8221; &#8220;e&#8221; &#8220;f&#8221; &#8220;g&#8221; &#8220;h&#8221; &#8220;i&#8221; &#8220;j&#8221; &#8220;k&#8221; &#8220;l&#8221; &#8220;m&#8221; &#8220;n&#8221; &#8220;o&#8221; &#8220;p&#8221; &#8220;q&#8221; &#8220;r&#8221;<br>&nbsp; [19] &#8220;s&#8221; &#8220;t&#8221; &#8220;u&#8221; &#8220;v&#8221; &#8220;w&#8221; &#8220;x&#8221; &#8220;y&#8221; &#8220;z&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>dim(harfdizi)<br>&nbsp; [1] 26<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>ya da<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>dim(as.array(letters))<br>&nbsp; [1] 26<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>is.array ise&nbsp; ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z de\u011fi\u015fkeninin bir dizi olup olmamas\u0131na (yani, pozitif uzunlukta bir dim \u00f6zelli\u011fine sahip olmas\u0131na) ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak DO\u011eRU veya YANLI\u015e de\u011ferini d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>is.array(harfdizi)<br>&nbsp; [1] TRUE<br>is.array(letters)<br>&nbsp; [1] FALSE<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dizi i\u00e7inde %in% ile arama da yapabiliriz;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2 %in% cokludizi<br>&nbsp; [1] TRUE<br>&#8220;f&#8221; %in% harfdizi<br>&nbsp; [1] TRUE<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Basit bir \u00f6rnek daha verelim;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>#vekt\u00f6rle ba\u015fl\u0131yoruz<br>x &lt;- c(1,2,3,4)<br># 2 kolon ve 2 sat\u0131rl\u0131 dizi yapmak i\u00e7in<br>x_dizi &lt;- array(x, dim=c(2,2))<br>x_dizi<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [,1] [,2]<br>&nbsp; [1,] 1&nbsp; &nbsp; 3<br>&nbsp; [2,] 2&nbsp; &nbsp; 4&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tabii typeof() gibi pek\u00e7ok di\u011fer i\u015flevi dizi ile kullanmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>#dizimizin \u00f6\u011fe t\u00fcrleri<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>typeof(x_dizi)<br>&nbsp; [1] &#8220;double&#8221;<br>typeof(harfdizi)<br>&nbsp; [1] &#8220;character&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sat\u0131r (rowSums() i\u015flevi) ve s\u00fctun (colSums() i\u015flevi) toplamlar\u0131n\u0131 kolayca bulabilmek de m\u00fcmk\u00fcn;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>#sat\u0131r toplamlar\u0131<br>rowSums(cokludizi)<br>&nbsp; [1] 48 54 42 48<br>#s\u00fctun toplamlar\u0131<br>colSums(cokludizi)<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [,1]&nbsp; [,2]<br>&nbsp; [1,] 10&nbsp; &nbsp;58<br>&nbsp; [2,] 26&nbsp; &nbsp;38<br>&nbsp; [3,] 42&nbsp; &nbsp;18<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dizin konumuna bakarak dizi elemanlar\u0131na eri\u015febilirsiniz. Bir dizinin istenilen \u00f6\u011felerine eri\u015fmek i\u00e7in [] k\u00f6\u015feli parantezleri kullan\u0131r\u0131z. S\u00f6zdizimi \u015fu \u015fekildedir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>array [sat\u0131r konumu, s\u00fctun konumu, matris d\u00fczeyi]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>cokludizi[2, 2, 2]<br>&nbsp; [1] 18<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu \u00f6rnekte cokludizinin 2ci d\u00fczeyinde, 2ci s\u00fctun 2ci sat\u0131rdaki eleman\u0131na bak\u0131yoruz; 18<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>cokludizi[4, 2, 2]<br>[1] 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu \u00f6rnekte cokludizinin 2ci d\u00fczeyinde, 2ci s\u00fctun 4c\u00fc sat\u0131rdaki eleman\u0131na bak\u0131yoruz; 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Diziyi d\u00f6ng\u00fcde -loop- kullanmak da m\u00fcmk\u00fcn:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>for(x in cokludizi){<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;print(x)<br>&nbsp; }<br>[1] 1<br>[1] 2<br>[1] 3<br>[1] 4<br>[1] 5<br>[1] 6<br>[1] 7<br>[1] 8<br>[1] 9<br>[1] 10<br>[1] 11<br>[1] 12<br>[1] 13<br>[1] 14<br>[1] 15<br>[1] 16<br>[1] 17<br>[1] 18<br>[1] 1<br>[1] 2<br>[1] 3<br>[1] 4<br>[1] 5<br>[1] 6&nbsp;<br>\u00d6rnekte d\u00f6ng\u00fc ile dizinin t\u00fcm elemanlar\u0131n\u0131 yazd\u0131rd\u0131k.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dizinin elemanlar\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fiklik yapmak istersek;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>cokludizi[1,1,2] &lt;- 5<br>cokludizi<br>, , 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[,1] [,2] [,3]<br>[1,]&nbsp; 1&nbsp; &nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;9<br>[2,]&nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp;10<br>[3,]&nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; 7&nbsp; &nbsp;11<br>[4,]&nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp;12<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>, , 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [,1] [,2] [,3]<br>[1,]&nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; 17&nbsp; &nbsp; 3<br>[2,]&nbsp; 14&nbsp; 18&nbsp; &nbsp; 4<br>[3,]&nbsp; 15&nbsp; &nbsp; 1&nbsp; &nbsp; 5<br>[4,]&nbsp; 16&nbsp; &nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>B\u00f6ylece dizinin 2ci d\u00fczeyinde ilk sat\u0131r, ilk s\u00fctun eleman\u0131n\u0131 5 yapm\u0131\u015f olduk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>cokludizi[2,2,1] &lt;- 8<br>cokludizi<br>, , 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[,1] [,2] [,3]<br>[1,] 1 5 9<br>[2,] 2 8 10<br>[3,] 3 7 11<br>[4,] 4 8 12<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>, , 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[,1] [,2] [,3]<br>[1,] 5 17 3<br>[2,] 14 18 4<br>[3,] 15 1 5<br>[4,] 16 2 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu \u00f6rnekte de dizinin 1ci d\u00fczeyinde ikinci sat\u0131r, ikinci s\u00fctun eleman\u0131n\u0131 8 yapt\u0131k.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Diziler \u00fczerinde \u00f6nemli bir i\u015flem, d\u0131\u015f \u00e7arp\u0131md\u0131r. A ve b iki say\u0131sal dizi ise, bunlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f \u00e7arp\u0131m\u0131, boyut vekt\u00f6r\u00fc iki boyut vekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn birle\u015ftirilmesiyle elde edilen (s\u0131ra \u00f6nemlidir) ve veri vekt\u00f6r\u00fc, ilk veri vekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn elemanlar\u0131n\u0131n ikincikilerle t\u00fcm olas\u0131 \u00e7arp\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131&nbsp; olu\u015fturarak elde edilir. D\u0131\u015f \u00fcr\u00fcn <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">% o%<\/span> \u00f6zel operat\u00f6r ile ya da outer() i\u015flevi ile olu\u015fturulur:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a &lt;- 1:9<br>a<br>&nbsp; [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9<br>b &lt;- 2:8<br>b<br>&nbsp; [1] 2 3 4 5 6 7 8<br>outer(a, b, FUN = &#8220;*&#8221;)<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [,1]&nbsp; &nbsp;[,2]&nbsp; &nbsp;[,3]&nbsp; &nbsp;[,4]&nbsp; &nbsp;[,5]&nbsp; &nbsp;[,6]&nbsp; &nbsp;[,7]<br>&nbsp; [1,] 2&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 7&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 8<br>&nbsp; [2,] 4&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp; 10&nbsp; &nbsp; 12&nbsp; &nbsp; 14&nbsp; &nbsp; 16<br>&nbsp; [3,] 6&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 9&nbsp; &nbsp; 12&nbsp; &nbsp; 15&nbsp; &nbsp; 18&nbsp; &nbsp; 21&nbsp; &nbsp; 24<br>&nbsp; [4,] 8&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;12&nbsp; &nbsp;16&nbsp; &nbsp; 20&nbsp; &nbsp; 24&nbsp; &nbsp; 28&nbsp; &nbsp; 32<br>&nbsp; [5,] 10&nbsp; &nbsp;15&nbsp; &nbsp;20&nbsp; &nbsp; 25&nbsp; &nbsp; 30&nbsp; &nbsp; 35&nbsp; &nbsp; 40<br>&nbsp; [6,] 12&nbsp; &nbsp;18&nbsp; &nbsp;24&nbsp; &nbsp; 30&nbsp; &nbsp; 36&nbsp; &nbsp; 42&nbsp; &nbsp; 48<br>&nbsp; [7,] 14&nbsp; &nbsp;21&nbsp; &nbsp;28&nbsp; &nbsp; 35&nbsp; &nbsp; 42&nbsp; &nbsp; 49&nbsp; &nbsp; 56<br>&nbsp; [8,] 16&nbsp; &nbsp;24&nbsp; &nbsp;32&nbsp; &nbsp; 40&nbsp; &nbsp; 48&nbsp; &nbsp; 56&nbsp; &nbsp; 64<br>&nbsp; [9,] 18&nbsp; &nbsp;27&nbsp; &nbsp;36&nbsp; &nbsp; 45&nbsp; &nbsp; 54&nbsp; &nbsp; 63&nbsp; &nbsp; 72<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">%o%<\/span> b<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [,7]<br>&nbsp; [1,] 2&nbsp; &nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; 7&nbsp; &nbsp; 8<br>&nbsp; [2,] 4&nbsp; &nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; 8&nbsp; 10&nbsp; 12&nbsp; 14&nbsp; 16<br>&nbsp; [3,] 6&nbsp; &nbsp; 9&nbsp; 12&nbsp; 15&nbsp; 18&nbsp; 21&nbsp; 24<br>&nbsp; [4,] 8&nbsp; 12&nbsp; 16&nbsp; 20&nbsp; 24&nbsp; 28&nbsp; 32<br>&nbsp; [5,]10 15&nbsp; 20&nbsp; 25&nbsp; 30&nbsp; 35&nbsp; 40<br>&nbsp; [6,]12 18&nbsp; 24&nbsp; 30&nbsp; 36&nbsp; 42&nbsp; 48<br>&nbsp; [7,]14 21&nbsp; 28&nbsp; 35&nbsp; 42&nbsp; 49&nbsp; 56<br>&nbsp; [8,]16 24&nbsp; 32&nbsp; 40&nbsp; 48&nbsp; 56&nbsp; 64<br>&nbsp; [9,]18 27&nbsp; 36&nbsp; 45&nbsp; 54&nbsp; 63&nbsp; 72<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>outer(a, b, FUN = &#8220;<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">^<\/span>&#8220;)<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [,1]&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[,2]&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[,3]&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[,4]&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[,5]&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[,6]&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [,7]<br>&nbsp; [1,]&nbsp; &nbsp;1&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;1<br>&nbsp; [2,]&nbsp; &nbsp;4&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 16&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 32&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 64&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;128&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;256&nbsp;<br>&nbsp; [3,]&nbsp; &nbsp;9&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 27&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 81&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 243&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 729&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;2187&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;6561<br>&nbsp; [4,] 16&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 64&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 256&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1024&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 4096&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;16384&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;65536<br>&nbsp; [5,] 25&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 125&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 625&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 3125&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 15625&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;78125&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;390625<br>&nbsp; [6,] 36&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;216&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;1296&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 7776&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 46656&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;279936&nbsp; &nbsp;1679616<br>&nbsp; [7,] 49&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;343&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;2401&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 16807&nbsp; &nbsp; 117649&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;823543&nbsp; &nbsp;5764801<br>&nbsp; [8,] 64&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;512&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;4096&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 32768&nbsp; &nbsp; 262144&nbsp; &nbsp;2097152 16777216<br>&nbsp; [9,] 81&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;729&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;6561&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 59049&nbsp; &nbsp; 531441&nbsp; &nbsp;4782969 43046721<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00d6rneklerde de g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcz gibi outer() i\u015flevi kullan\u0131m\u0131;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>outer(X, Y, FUN=&#8221;*&#8221;, &#8230;)&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>ya da&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>x <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">%o%<\/span> y<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u015feklindedir.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Biraz da a\u00e7\u0131klayacak olursak;&nbsp; X&nbsp; ve Y Birer vekt\u00f6r veya dizi. FUN d\u0131\u015f \u00fcr\u00fcnlerde kullan\u0131lacak bir i\u015flev, t\u0131rnakl\u0131 bir dizge olabilir. &#8230; (3 nokta) FUN&#8217;a iletilecek iste\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z de\u011fi\u015fkenler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yukar\u0131daki son \u00f6rne\u011fimizde ^ yani \u00fcs operat\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc kulland\u0131k. Yani, a^b hesaplad\u0131k, b\u00f6ylece i\u015fleve istedi\u011fimiz operat\u00f6rleri g\u00f6ndererek dizlerlei-array \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabiliriz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>outer(month.abb, 1999:2003, FUN = &#8220;paste&#8221;)<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[,1]&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[,2]&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [,3]&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [,4]&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [,5] <br>[1,] &#8220;Jan 1999&#8221;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &#8220;Jan 2000&#8221;&nbsp; &nbsp;&#8220;Jan 2001&#8221;&nbsp; &nbsp;&#8220;Jan 2002&#8221;&nbsp; &#8220;Jan 2003&#8221;<br>[2,] &#8220;Feb 1999&#8221;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&#8220;Feb 2000&#8221;&nbsp; &#8220;Feb 2001&#8221;&nbsp; &#8220;Feb 2002&#8221;&nbsp; &#8220;Feb 2003&#8221;<br>[3,] &#8220;Mar 1999&#8221;&nbsp; &nbsp; &#8220;Mar 2000&#8221;&nbsp; &#8220;Mar 2001&#8221; &#8220;Mar 2002&#8221;&nbsp; &#8220;Mar 2003&#8221;<br>[4,] &#8220;Apr 1999&#8221;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&#8220;Apr 2000&#8221;&nbsp; &#8220;Apr 2001&#8221;&nbsp; &#8220;Apr 2002&#8221;&nbsp; &nbsp;&#8220;Apr 2003&#8221;<br>[5,] &#8220;May 1999&#8221;&nbsp; &nbsp;&#8220;May 2000&#8221; &#8220;May 2001&#8221; &#8220;May 2002&#8221; &#8220;May 2003&#8221;<br>[6,] &#8220;Jun 1999&#8221;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &#8220;Jun 2000&#8221;&nbsp; &#8220;Jun 2001&#8221;&nbsp; &nbsp;&#8220;Jun 2002&#8221;&nbsp; &#8220;Jun 2003&#8221;<br>[7,] &#8220;Jul 1999&#8221;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &#8220;Jul 2000&#8221;&nbsp; &nbsp; &#8220;Jul 2001&#8221;&nbsp; &nbsp;&#8220;Jul 2002&#8221;&nbsp; &nbsp; &#8220;Jul 2003&#8221;<br>[8,] &#8220;Aug 1999&#8221;&nbsp; &nbsp;&#8220;Aug 2000&#8221;&nbsp; &#8220;Aug 2001&#8221; &#8220;Aug 2002&#8221; &#8220;Aug 2003&#8221;<br>[9,] &#8220;Sep 1999&#8221;&nbsp; &nbsp; &#8220;Sep 2000&#8221;&nbsp; &nbsp;&#8220;Sep 2001&#8221; &#8220;Sep 2002&#8221;&nbsp; &#8220;Sep 2003&#8221;<br>[10,] &#8220;Oct 1999&#8221;&nbsp; &nbsp;&#8220;Oct 2000&#8221;&nbsp; &nbsp;&#8220;Oct 2001&#8221;&nbsp; &#8220;Oct 2002&#8221;&nbsp; &#8220;Oct 2003&#8221;<br>[11,] &#8220;Nov 1999&#8221; &#8220;Nov 2000&#8221;&nbsp; &#8220;Nov 2001&#8221; &#8220;Nov 2002&#8221; &#8220;Nov 2003&#8221;<br>[12,] &#8220;Dec 1999&#8221;&nbsp; &#8220;Dec 2000&#8221;&nbsp; &#8220;Dec 2001&#8221;&nbsp; &#8220;Dec 2002&#8221;&nbsp; &#8220;Dec 2003&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu \u00f6rnekte de 1999 ile 2003 senesi aras\u0131 aylar\u0131 i\u015fleve &#8220;paste&#8221;-yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131r yollayarak yazd\u0131rd\u0131k.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">%o%<\/span> b <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">%o%<\/span> b[1:3]<br>, , 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[,1]&nbsp; [,2]&nbsp; [,3]&nbsp; [,4]&nbsp; [,5]&nbsp; [,6]&nbsp; [,7]<br>&nbsp; [1,] 4&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;8&nbsp; &nbsp;10&nbsp; &nbsp;12&nbsp; &nbsp;14&nbsp; &nbsp;16<br>&nbsp; [2,] 8&nbsp; &nbsp; 12&nbsp; &nbsp;16&nbsp; &nbsp;20&nbsp; &nbsp;24&nbsp; &nbsp;28&nbsp; &nbsp;32<br>&nbsp; [3,] 12&nbsp; 18&nbsp; &nbsp;24&nbsp; &nbsp;30&nbsp; &nbsp;36&nbsp; &nbsp;42&nbsp; &nbsp;48<br>&nbsp; [4,] 16&nbsp; 24&nbsp; &nbsp;32&nbsp; &nbsp;40&nbsp; &nbsp;48&nbsp; &nbsp;56&nbsp; &nbsp;64<br>&nbsp; [5,] 20&nbsp; 30&nbsp; &nbsp;40&nbsp; &nbsp;50&nbsp; &nbsp;60&nbsp; &nbsp;70&nbsp; &nbsp;80<br>&nbsp; [6,] 24&nbsp; 36&nbsp; &nbsp;48&nbsp; &nbsp;60&nbsp; &nbsp;72&nbsp; &nbsp;84&nbsp; &nbsp;96<br>&nbsp; [7,] 28&nbsp; 42&nbsp; &nbsp;56&nbsp; &nbsp;70&nbsp; &nbsp;84&nbsp; &nbsp;98 112<br>&nbsp; [8,] 32&nbsp; 48&nbsp; &nbsp;64&nbsp; &nbsp;80&nbsp; &nbsp;96 112 128<br>&nbsp; [9,] 36&nbsp; 54&nbsp; &nbsp;72&nbsp; &nbsp;90 108 126 144<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>, , 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [,1]&nbsp; [,2]&nbsp; [,3]&nbsp; [,4]&nbsp; [,5]&nbsp; [,6]&nbsp; [,7]<br>&nbsp; [1,] 6&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 9&nbsp; &nbsp;12&nbsp; &nbsp;15&nbsp; &nbsp;18&nbsp; &nbsp;21&nbsp; &nbsp;24<br>&nbsp; [2,] 12&nbsp; 18&nbsp; &nbsp;24&nbsp; &nbsp;30&nbsp; &nbsp;36&nbsp; &nbsp;42&nbsp; &nbsp;48<br>&nbsp; [3,] 18&nbsp; 27&nbsp; &nbsp;36&nbsp; &nbsp;45&nbsp; &nbsp;54&nbsp; &nbsp;63&nbsp; &nbsp;72<br>&nbsp; [4,] 24&nbsp; 36&nbsp; &nbsp;48&nbsp; &nbsp;60&nbsp; &nbsp;72&nbsp; &nbsp;84&nbsp; &nbsp;96<br>&nbsp; [5,] 30&nbsp; 45&nbsp; &nbsp;60&nbsp; &nbsp;75&nbsp; &nbsp;90 105 120<br>&nbsp; [6,] 36&nbsp; 54&nbsp; &nbsp;72&nbsp; &nbsp;90 108 126 144<br>&nbsp; [7,] 42&nbsp; 63&nbsp; &nbsp;84 105 126 147 168<br>&nbsp; [8,] 48&nbsp; 72&nbsp; &nbsp;96 120 144 168 192<br>&nbsp; [9,] 54&nbsp; 81 108 135 162 189 216<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>, , 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[,1]&nbsp; [,2]&nbsp; [,3]&nbsp; [,4]&nbsp; [,5]&nbsp; [,6]&nbsp; [,7]<br>&nbsp; [1,]&nbsp; &nbsp;8&nbsp; &nbsp;12&nbsp; &nbsp;16&nbsp; &nbsp;20&nbsp; &nbsp;24&nbsp; &nbsp;28&nbsp; &nbsp;32<br>&nbsp; [2,] 16&nbsp; &nbsp;24&nbsp; &nbsp;32&nbsp; &nbsp;40&nbsp; &nbsp;48&nbsp; &nbsp;56&nbsp; &nbsp;64<br>&nbsp; [3,] 24&nbsp; &nbsp;36&nbsp; &nbsp;48&nbsp; &nbsp;60&nbsp; &nbsp;72&nbsp; &nbsp;84&nbsp; &nbsp;96<br>&nbsp; [4,] 32&nbsp; &nbsp;48&nbsp; &nbsp;64&nbsp; &nbsp;80&nbsp; &nbsp;96 112 128<br>&nbsp; [5,] 40&nbsp; &nbsp;60&nbsp; &nbsp;80 100 120 140 160<br>&nbsp; [6,] 48&nbsp; &nbsp;72&nbsp; &nbsp;96 120 144 168 192<br>&nbsp; [7,] 56&nbsp; &nbsp;84 112 140 168 196 224<br>&nbsp; [8,] 64&nbsp; &nbsp;96 128 160 192 224 256<br>&nbsp; [9,] 72 108 144 180 216 252 288<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu \u00f6rnekte;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a<br>[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>b<br>[1] 2 3 4 5 6 7 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>ve<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>b[1:3]<br>[1] 2 3 4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>idi..&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu \u00e7arp\u0131m\u0131n nas\u0131l \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlayabilmek i\u00e7in <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Outer_product\">wikipedia<\/a> ya g\u00f6z atabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Harflerle ilgi ilgin\u00e7 bir \u00f6rnek ise;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>outer( letters, letters,FUN=paste ,sep=&#8221;&#8221;)<br>[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [,7] [,8] [,9] [,10] [,11] [,12] [,13]<br>[1,] &#8220;aa&#8221; &#8220;ab&#8221; &#8220;ac&#8221; &#8220;ad&#8221; &#8220;ae&#8221; &#8220;af&#8221; &#8220;ag&#8221; &#8220;ah&#8221; &#8220;ai&#8221; &#8220;aj&#8221; &#8220;ak&#8221; &#8220;al&#8221; &#8220;am&#8221; <br>[2,] &#8220;ba&#8221; &#8220;bb&#8221; &#8220;bc&#8221; &#8220;bd&#8221; &#8220;be&#8221; &#8220;bf&#8221; &#8220;bg&#8221; &#8220;bh&#8221; &#8220;bi&#8221; &#8220;bj&#8221; &#8220;bk&#8221; &#8220;bl&#8221; &#8220;bm&#8221; <br>[3,] &#8220;ca&#8221; &#8220;cb&#8221; &#8220;cc&#8221; &#8220;cd&#8221; &#8220;ce&#8221; &#8220;cf&#8221; &#8220;cg&#8221; &#8220;ch&#8221; &#8220;ci&#8221; &#8220;cj&#8221; &#8220;ck&#8221; &#8220;cl&#8221; &#8220;cm&#8221; <br>[4,] &#8220;da&#8221; &#8220;db&#8221; &#8220;dc&#8221; &#8220;dd&#8221; &#8220;de&#8221; &#8220;df&#8221; &#8220;dg&#8221; &#8220;dh&#8221; &#8220;di&#8221; &#8220;dj&#8221; &#8220;dk&#8221; &#8220;dl&#8221; &#8220;dm&#8221; <br>[5,] &#8220;ea&#8221; &#8220;eb&#8221; &#8220;ec&#8221; &#8220;ed&#8221; &#8220;ee&#8221; &#8220;ef&#8221; &#8220;eg&#8221; &#8220;eh&#8221; &#8220;ei&#8221; &#8220;ej&#8221; &#8220;ek&#8221; &#8220;el&#8221; &#8220;em&#8221; <br>[6,] &#8220;fa&#8221; &#8220;fb&#8221; &#8220;fc&#8221; &#8220;fd&#8221; &#8220;fe&#8221; &#8220;ff&#8221; &#8220;fg&#8221; &#8220;fh&#8221; &#8220;fi&#8221; &#8220;fj&#8221; &#8220;fk&#8221; &#8220;fl&#8221; &#8220;fm&#8221; <br>[7,] &#8220;ga&#8221; &#8220;gb&#8221; &#8220;gc&#8221; &#8220;gd&#8221; &#8220;ge&#8221; &#8220;gf&#8221; &#8220;gg&#8221; &#8220;gh&#8221; &#8220;gi&#8221; &#8220;gj&#8221; &#8220;gk&#8221; &#8220;gl&#8221; &#8220;gm&#8221; <br>[8,] &#8220;ha&#8221; &#8220;hb&#8221; &#8220;hc&#8221; &#8220;hd&#8221; &#8220;he&#8221; &#8220;hf&#8221; &#8220;hg&#8221; &#8220;hh&#8221; &#8220;hi&#8221; &#8220;hj&#8221; &#8220;hk&#8221; &#8220;hl&#8221; &#8220;hm&#8221; <br>[9,] &#8220;ia&#8221; &#8220;ib&#8221; &#8220;ic&#8221; &#8220;id&#8221; &#8220;ie&#8221; &#8220;if&#8221; &#8220;ig&#8221; &#8220;ih&#8221; &#8220;ii&#8221; &#8220;ij&#8221; &#8220;ik&#8221; &#8220;il&#8221; &#8220;im&#8221; <br>[10,] &#8220;ja&#8221; &#8220;jb&#8221; &#8220;jc&#8221; &#8220;jd&#8221; &#8220;je&#8221; &#8220;jf&#8221; &#8220;jg&#8221; &#8220;jh&#8221; &#8220;ji&#8221; &#8220;jj&#8221; &#8220;jk&#8221; &#8220;jl&#8221; &#8220;jm&#8221; <br>[11,] &#8220;ka&#8221; &#8220;kb&#8221; &#8220;kc&#8221; &#8220;kd&#8221; &#8220;ke&#8221; &#8220;kf&#8221; &#8220;kg&#8221; &#8220;kh&#8221; &#8220;ki&#8221; &#8220;kj&#8221; &#8220;kk&#8221; &#8220;kl&#8221; &#8220;km&#8221; <br>[12,] &#8220;la&#8221; &#8220;lb&#8221; &#8220;lc&#8221; &#8220;ld&#8221; &#8220;le&#8221; &#8220;lf&#8221; &#8220;lg&#8221; &#8220;lh&#8221; &#8220;li&#8221; &#8220;lj&#8221; &#8220;lk&#8221; &#8220;ll&#8221; &#8220;lm&#8221; <br>[13,] &#8220;ma&#8221; &#8220;mb&#8221; &#8220;mc&#8221; &#8220;md&#8221; &#8220;me&#8221; &#8220;mf&#8221; &#8220;mg&#8221; &#8220;mh&#8221; &#8220;mi&#8221; &#8220;mj&#8221; &#8220;mk&#8221; &#8220;ml&#8221; &#8220;mm&#8221; <br>[14,] &#8220;na&#8221; &#8220;nb&#8221; &#8220;nc&#8221; &#8220;nd&#8221; &#8220;ne&#8221; &#8220;nf&#8221; &#8220;ng&#8221; &#8220;nh&#8221; &#8220;ni&#8221; &#8220;nj&#8221; &#8220;nk&#8221; &#8220;nl&#8221; &#8220;nm&#8221; <br>[15,] &#8220;oa&#8221; &#8220;ob&#8221; &#8220;oc&#8221; &#8220;od&#8221; &#8220;oe&#8221; &#8220;of&#8221; &#8220;og&#8221; &#8220;oh&#8221; &#8220;oi&#8221; &#8220;oj&#8221; &#8220;ok&#8221; &#8220;ol&#8221; &#8220;om&#8221; <br>[16,] &#8220;pa&#8221; &#8220;pb&#8221; &#8220;pc&#8221; &#8220;pd&#8221; &#8220;pe&#8221; &#8220;pf&#8221; &#8220;pg&#8221; &#8220;ph&#8221; &#8220;pi&#8221; &#8220;pj&#8221; &#8220;pk&#8221; &#8220;pl&#8221; &#8220;pm&#8221; <br>[17,] &#8220;qa&#8221; &#8220;qb&#8221; &#8220;qc&#8221; &#8220;qd&#8221; &#8220;qe&#8221; &#8220;qf&#8221; &#8220;qg&#8221; &#8220;qh&#8221; &#8220;qi&#8221; &#8220;qj&#8221; &#8220;qk&#8221; &#8220;ql&#8221; &#8220;qm&#8221; <br>[18,] &#8220;ra&#8221; &#8220;rb&#8221; &#8220;rc&#8221; &#8220;rd&#8221; &#8220;re&#8221; &#8220;rf&#8221; &#8220;rg&#8221; &#8220;rh&#8221; &#8220;ri&#8221; &#8220;rj&#8221; &#8220;rk&#8221; &#8220;rl&#8221; &#8220;rm&#8221; <br>[19,] &#8220;sa&#8221; &#8220;sb&#8221; &#8220;sc&#8221; &#8220;sd&#8221; &#8220;se&#8221; &#8220;sf&#8221; &#8220;sg&#8221; &#8220;sh&#8221; &#8220;si&#8221; &#8220;sj&#8221; &#8220;sk&#8221; &#8220;sl&#8221; &#8220;sm&#8221; <br>[20,] &#8220;ta&#8221; &#8220;tb&#8221; &#8220;tc&#8221; &#8220;td&#8221; &#8220;te&#8221; &#8220;tf&#8221; &#8220;tg&#8221; &#8220;th&#8221; &#8220;ti&#8221; &#8220;tj&#8221; &#8220;tk&#8221; &#8220;tl&#8221; &#8220;tm&#8221; <br>[21,] &#8220;ua&#8221; &#8220;ub&#8221; &#8220;uc&#8221; &#8220;ud&#8221; &#8220;ue&#8221; &#8220;uf&#8221; &#8220;ug&#8221; &#8220;uh&#8221; &#8220;ui&#8221; &#8220;uj&#8221; &#8220;uk&#8221; &#8220;ul&#8221; &#8220;um&#8221; <br>[22,] &#8220;va&#8221; &#8220;vb&#8221; &#8220;vc&#8221; &#8220;vd&#8221; &#8220;ve&#8221; &#8220;vf&#8221; &#8220;vg&#8221; &#8220;vh&#8221; &#8220;vi&#8221; &#8220;vj&#8221; &#8220;vk&#8221; &#8220;vl&#8221; &#8220;vm&#8221; <br>[23,] &#8220;wa&#8221; &#8220;wb&#8221; &#8220;wc&#8221; &#8220;wd&#8221; &#8220;we&#8221; &#8220;wf&#8221; &#8220;wg&#8221; &#8220;wh&#8221; &#8220;wi&#8221; &#8220;wj&#8221; &#8220;wk&#8221; &#8220;wl&#8221; &#8220;wm&#8221; <br>[24,] &#8220;xa&#8221; &#8220;xb&#8221; &#8220;xc&#8221; &#8220;xd&#8221; &#8220;xe&#8221; &#8220;xf&#8221; &#8220;xg&#8221; &#8220;xh&#8221; &#8220;xi&#8221; &#8220;xj&#8221; &#8220;xk&#8221; &#8220;xl&#8221; &#8220;xm&#8221; <br>[25,] &#8220;ya&#8221; &#8220;yb&#8221; &#8220;yc&#8221; &#8220;yd&#8221; &#8220;ye&#8221; &#8220;yf&#8221; &#8220;yg&#8221; &#8220;yh&#8221; &#8220;yi&#8221; &#8220;yj&#8221; &#8220;yk&#8221; &#8220;yl&#8221; &#8220;ym&#8221; <br>[26,] &#8220;za&#8221; &#8220;zb&#8221; &#8220;zc&#8221; &#8220;zd&#8221; &#8220;ze&#8221; &#8220;zf&#8221; &#8220;zg&#8221; &#8220;zh&#8221; &#8220;zi&#8221; &#8220;zj&#8221; &#8220;zk&#8221; &#8220;zl&#8221; &#8220;zm&#8221; <br>[,14] [,15] [,16] [,17] [,18] [,19] [,20] [,21] [,22] [,23] [,24] [,25]<br>[1,] &#8220;an&#8221; &#8220;ao&#8221; &#8220;ap&#8221; &#8220;aq&#8221; &#8220;ar&#8221; &#8220;as&#8221; &#8220;at&#8221; &#8220;au&#8221; &#8220;av&#8221; &#8220;aw&#8221; &#8220;ax&#8221; &#8220;ay&#8221; <br>[2,] &#8220;bn&#8221; &#8220;bo&#8221; &#8220;bp&#8221; &#8220;bq&#8221; &#8220;br&#8221; &#8220;bs&#8221; &#8220;bt&#8221; &#8220;bu&#8221; &#8220;bv&#8221; &#8220;bw&#8221; &#8220;bx&#8221; &#8220;by&#8221; <br>[3,] &#8220;cn&#8221; &#8220;co&#8221; &#8220;cp&#8221; &#8220;cq&#8221; &#8220;cr&#8221; &#8220;cs&#8221; &#8220;ct&#8221; &#8220;cu&#8221; &#8220;cv&#8221; &#8220;cw&#8221; &#8220;cx&#8221; &#8220;cy&#8221; <br>[4,] &#8220;dn&#8221; &#8220;do&#8221; &#8220;dp&#8221; &#8220;dq&#8221; &#8220;dr&#8221; &#8220;ds&#8221; &#8220;dt&#8221; &#8220;du&#8221; &#8220;dv&#8221; &#8220;dw&#8221; &#8220;dx&#8221; &#8220;dy&#8221; <br>[5,] &#8220;en&#8221; &#8220;eo&#8221; &#8220;ep&#8221; &#8220;eq&#8221; &#8220;er&#8221; &#8220;es&#8221; &#8220;et&#8221; &#8220;eu&#8221; &#8220;ev&#8221; &#8220;ew&#8221; &#8220;ex&#8221; &#8220;ey&#8221; <br>[6,] &#8220;fn&#8221; &#8220;fo&#8221; &#8220;fp&#8221; &#8220;fq&#8221; &#8220;fr&#8221; &#8220;fs&#8221; &#8220;ft&#8221; &#8220;fu&#8221; &#8220;fv&#8221; &#8220;fw&#8221; &#8220;fx&#8221; &#8220;fy&#8221; <br>[7,] &#8220;gn&#8221; &#8220;go&#8221; &#8220;gp&#8221; &#8220;gq&#8221; &#8220;gr&#8221; &#8220;gs&#8221; &#8220;gt&#8221; &#8220;gu&#8221; &#8220;gv&#8221; &#8220;gw&#8221; &#8220;gx&#8221; &#8220;gy&#8221; <br>[8,] &#8220;hn&#8221; &#8220;ho&#8221; &#8220;hp&#8221; &#8220;hq&#8221; &#8220;hr&#8221; &#8220;hs&#8221; &#8220;ht&#8221; &#8220;hu&#8221; &#8220;hv&#8221; &#8220;hw&#8221; &#8220;hx&#8221; &#8220;hy&#8221; <br>[9,] &#8220;in&#8221; &#8220;io&#8221; &#8220;ip&#8221; &#8220;iq&#8221; &#8220;ir&#8221; &#8220;is&#8221; &#8220;it&#8221; &#8220;iu&#8221; &#8220;iv&#8221; &#8220;iw&#8221; &#8220;ix&#8221; &#8220;iy&#8221; <br>[10,] &#8220;jn&#8221; &#8220;jo&#8221; &#8220;jp&#8221; &#8220;jq&#8221; &#8220;jr&#8221; &#8220;js&#8221; &#8220;jt&#8221; &#8220;ju&#8221; &#8220;jv&#8221; &#8220;jw&#8221; &#8220;jx&#8221; &#8220;jy&#8221; <br>[11,] &#8220;kn&#8221; &#8220;ko&#8221; &#8220;kp&#8221; &#8220;kq&#8221; &#8220;kr&#8221; &#8220;ks&#8221; &#8220;kt&#8221; &#8220;ku&#8221; &#8220;kv&#8221; &#8220;kw&#8221; &#8220;kx&#8221; &#8220;ky&#8221; <br>[12,] &#8220;ln&#8221; &#8220;lo&#8221; &#8220;lp&#8221; &#8220;lq&#8221; &#8220;lr&#8221; &#8220;ls&#8221; &#8220;lt&#8221; &#8220;lu&#8221; &#8220;lv&#8221; &#8220;lw&#8221; &#8220;lx&#8221; &#8220;ly&#8221; <br>[13,] &#8220;mn&#8221; &#8220;mo&#8221; &#8220;mp&#8221; &#8220;mq&#8221; &#8220;mr&#8221; &#8220;ms&#8221; &#8220;mt&#8221; &#8220;mu&#8221; &#8220;mv&#8221; &#8220;mw&#8221; &#8220;mx&#8221; &#8220;my&#8221; <br>[14,] &#8220;nn&#8221; &#8220;no&#8221; &#8220;np&#8221; &#8220;nq&#8221; &#8220;nr&#8221; &#8220;ns&#8221; &#8220;nt&#8221; &#8220;nu&#8221; &#8220;nv&#8221; &#8220;nw&#8221; &#8220;nx&#8221; &#8220;ny&#8221; <br>[15,] &#8220;on&#8221; &#8220;oo&#8221; &#8220;op&#8221; &#8220;oq&#8221; &#8220;or&#8221; &#8220;os&#8221; &#8220;ot&#8221; &#8220;ou&#8221; &#8220;ov&#8221; &#8220;ow&#8221; &#8220;ox&#8221; &#8220;oy&#8221; <br>[16,] &#8220;pn&#8221; &#8220;po&#8221; &#8220;pp&#8221; &#8220;pq&#8221; &#8220;pr&#8221; &#8220;ps&#8221; &#8220;pt&#8221; &#8220;pu&#8221; &#8220;pv&#8221; &#8220;pw&#8221; &#8220;px&#8221; &#8220;py&#8221; <br>[17,] &#8220;qn&#8221; &#8220;qo&#8221; &#8220;qp&#8221; &#8220;qq&#8221; &#8220;qr&#8221; &#8220;qs&#8221; &#8220;qt&#8221; &#8220;qu&#8221; &#8220;qv&#8221; &#8220;qw&#8221; &#8220;qx&#8221; &#8220;qy&#8221; <br>[18,] &#8220;rn&#8221; &#8220;ro&#8221; &#8220;rp&#8221; &#8220;rq&#8221; &#8220;rr&#8221; &#8220;rs&#8221; &#8220;rt&#8221; &#8220;ru&#8221; &#8220;rv&#8221; &#8220;rw&#8221; &#8220;rx&#8221; &#8220;ry&#8221; <br>[19,] &#8220;sn&#8221; &#8220;so&#8221; &#8220;sp&#8221; &#8220;sq&#8221; &#8220;sr&#8221; &#8220;ss&#8221; &#8220;st&#8221; &#8220;su&#8221; &#8220;sv&#8221; &#8220;sw&#8221; &#8220;sx&#8221; &#8220;sy&#8221; <br>[20,] &#8220;tn&#8221; &#8220;to&#8221; &#8220;tp&#8221; &#8220;tq&#8221; &#8220;tr&#8221; &#8220;ts&#8221; &#8220;tt&#8221; &#8220;tu&#8221; &#8220;tv&#8221; &#8220;tw&#8221; &#8220;tx&#8221; &#8220;ty&#8221; <br>[21,] &#8220;un&#8221; &#8220;uo&#8221; &#8220;up&#8221; &#8220;uq&#8221; &#8220;ur&#8221; &#8220;us&#8221; &#8220;ut&#8221; &#8220;uu&#8221; &#8220;uv&#8221; &#8220;uw&#8221; &#8220;ux&#8221; &#8220;uy&#8221; <br>[22,] &#8220;vn&#8221; &#8220;vo&#8221; &#8220;vp&#8221; &#8220;vq&#8221; &#8220;vr&#8221; &#8220;vs&#8221; &#8220;vt&#8221; &#8220;vu&#8221; &#8220;vv&#8221; &#8220;vw&#8221; &#8220;vx&#8221; &#8220;vy&#8221; <br>[23,] &#8220;wn&#8221; &#8220;wo&#8221; &#8220;wp&#8221; &#8220;wq&#8221; &#8220;wr&#8221; &#8220;ws&#8221; &#8220;wt&#8221; &#8220;wu&#8221; &#8220;wv&#8221; &#8220;ww&#8221; &#8220;wx&#8221; &#8220;wy&#8221; <br>[24,] &#8220;xn&#8221; &#8220;xo&#8221; &#8220;xp&#8221; &#8220;xq&#8221; &#8220;xr&#8221; &#8220;xs&#8221; &#8220;xt&#8221; &#8220;xu&#8221; &#8220;xv&#8221; &#8220;xw&#8221; &#8220;xx&#8221; &#8220;xy&#8221; <br>[25,] &#8220;yn&#8221; &#8220;yo&#8221; &#8220;yp&#8221; &#8220;yq&#8221; &#8220;yr&#8221; &#8220;ys&#8221; &#8220;yt&#8221; &#8220;yu&#8221; &#8220;yv&#8221; &#8220;yw&#8221; &#8220;yx&#8221; &#8220;yy&#8221; <br>[26,] &#8220;zn&#8221; &#8220;zo&#8221; &#8220;zp&#8221; &#8220;zq&#8221; &#8220;zr&#8221; &#8220;zs&#8221; &#8220;zt&#8221; &#8220;zu&#8221; &#8220;zv&#8221; &#8220;zw&#8221; &#8220;zx&#8221; &#8220;zy&#8221; <br>[,26]<br>[1,] &#8220;az&#8221; <br>[2,] &#8220;bz&#8221; <br>[3,] &#8220;cz&#8221; <br>[4,] &#8220;dz&#8221; <br>[5,] &#8220;ez&#8221; <br>[6,] &#8220;fz&#8221; <br>[7,] &#8220;gz&#8221; <br>[8,] &#8220;hz&#8221; <br>[9,] &#8220;iz&#8221; <br>[10,] &#8220;jz&#8221; <br>[11,] &#8220;kz&#8221; <br>[12,] &#8220;lz&#8221; <br>[13,] &#8220;mz&#8221; <br>[14,] &#8220;nz&#8221; <br>[15,] &#8220;oz&#8221; <br>[16,] &#8220;pz&#8221; <br>[17,] &#8220;qz&#8221; <br>[18,] &#8220;rz&#8221; <br>[19,] &#8220;sz&#8221; <br>[20,] &#8220;tz&#8221; <br>[21,] &#8220;uz&#8221; <br>[22,] &#8220;vz&#8221; <br>[23,] &#8220;wz&#8221; <br>[24,] &#8220;xz&#8221; <br>[25,] &#8220;yz&#8221; <br>[26,] &#8220;zz&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>26 st\u00fcnlu bir \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 bu, 26 adet harf ile 26 adet harfin d\u0131\u015f \u00e7arp\u0131m\u0131 sonucudur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bir de kendi fonksiyonumuz ile bir \u00f6rnek daha vereyim. \u00d6rne\u011fin; f (x; y) = cos (y) \/ (1 + x ^ 2) fonksiyonunu, s\u0131ras\u0131yla x ve y R vekt\u00f6rleri taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131mlanan x ve y koordinatlar\u0131na sahip normal bir de\u011ferler \u0131zgaras\u0131 \u00fczerinde de\u011ferlendirmek istersek a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibi ilerleyebiliriz:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>f &lt;- function(x, y) cos(y)\/(1 + x^2)<br>f<br>&nbsp; function(x, y) cos(y)\/(1 + x^2)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>ve bu f i\u015flevini, a ve b vekt\u00f6rlerine uygularsak;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>z &lt;- outer(a, b, f)<br>z<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[,1]&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [,2]&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[,3]&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [,4]&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [,5]&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[,6]<br>[1,] -0.208073418 -0.49499625 -0.326821810 0.141831093 0.48008514 0.37695113<br>[2,] -0.083229367 -0.19799850 -0.130728724 0.056732437 0.19203406 0.15078045<br>[3,] -0.041614684 -0.09899925 -0.065364362 0.028366219 0.09601703 0.07539023<br>[4,] -0.024479226 -0.05823485 -0.038449625 0.016686011 0.05648061 0.04434719<br>[5,] -0.016005648 -0.03807663 -0.025140139 0.010910084 0.03692963 0.02899624<br>[6,] -0.011247212 -0.02675655 -0.017666044 0.007666546 0.02595055 0.02037574<br>[7,] -0.008322937 -0.01979985 -0.013072872 0.005673244 0.01920341 0.01507805<br>[8,] -0.006402259 -0.01523065 -0.010056056 0.004364034 0.01477185 0.01159850<br>[9,] -0.005074961 -0.01207308 -0.007971264 0.003459295 0.01170939 0.00919393<br>[,7]<br>[1,] -0.072750017<br>[2,] -0.029100007<br>[3,] -0.014550003<br>[4,] -0.008558826<br>[5,] -0.005596155<br>[6,] -0.003932433<br>[7,] -0.002910001<br>[8,] -0.002238462<br>[9,] -0.001774391<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bir de dizinin transpoze edilmesi ihtiyac\u0131 olabiliyor bazen, ondan da s\u00f6z etmeden ge\u00e7meyelim. Boyutlar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirerek ve iste\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak yeniden boyutland\u0131rarak bir diziyi transpoze edebiliriz. Transpoze; sat\u0131rlar\u0131 ve s\u00fctunlar\u0131 ters \u00e7evirmek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hemen yukar\u0131daki diziden devam edelim;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>t &lt;- aperm(z, c(2,1))<br>t<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[,1]&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [,2]&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[,3]&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [,4]&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [,5]<br>[1,] -0.20807342 -0.08322937 -0.04161468 -0.024479226 -0.016005648<br>[2,] -0.49499625 -0.19799850 -0.09899925 -0.058234853 -0.038076634<br>[3,] -0.32682181 -0.13072872 -0.06536436 -0.038449625 -0.025140139<br>[4,]&nbsp; &nbsp;0.14183109&nbsp; 0.05673244&nbsp; &nbsp;0.02836622&nbsp; 0.016686011&nbsp; 0.010910084<br>[5,]&nbsp; &nbsp;0.48008514&nbsp; 0.19203406&nbsp; &nbsp;0.09601703&nbsp; 0.056480605&nbsp; 0.036929626<br>[6,]&nbsp; &nbsp;0.37695113&nbsp; 0.15078045&nbsp; &nbsp;0.07539023&nbsp; 0.044347191&nbsp; 0.028996241<br>[7,] -0.07275002 -0.02910001 -0.01455000 -0.008558826 -0.005596155<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [,6]&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [,7]&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [,8]&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [,9]<br>[1,] -0.011247212 -0.008322937 -0.006402259&nbsp; -0.005074961<br>[2,] -0.026756554 -0.019799850 -0.015230654&nbsp; -0.012073079<br>[3,] -0.017666044 -0.013072872 -0.010056056&nbsp; -0.007971264<br>[4,]&nbsp; &nbsp;0.007666546&nbsp; 0.005673244&nbsp; &nbsp;0.004364034&nbsp; &nbsp;0.003459295<br>[5,]&nbsp; &nbsp;0.025950548&nbsp; 0.019203406&nbsp; &nbsp;0.014771851&nbsp; &nbsp;0.011709394<br>[6,]&nbsp; &nbsp;0.020375737&nbsp; 0.015078045&nbsp; &nbsp;0.011598496&nbsp; &nbsp;0.009193930<br>[7,] -0.003932433 -0.002910001&nbsp; -0.002238462 -0.001774391<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bir de t() i\u015flevi var tranpoze i\u00e7in. t() i\u015flevi ile <a href=\"#matris-tr\">matris<\/a> ve veri k\u00fcmeleri de transpoze etmek(sat\u0131rlar\u0131 ve s\u00fctunlar\u0131 ters \u00e7evirmek) m\u00fcmk\u00fcn.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Art\u0131k bir sonraki konu Veri K\u00fcmelerine ge\u00e7ebiliriz. Faydaland\u0131\u011f\u0131m t\u00fcm linkleri bitince en alta yazaca\u011f\u0131m.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"verikumesi\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3>Veri K\u00fcmeleri<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015faca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z veri k\u00fcmelerinin(dataset) \u00e7o\u011fu, R&#8217;de veri \u00e7er\u00e7evelerinin(dataframe) nesnelerdir. Daha sonra <a href=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2020\/12\/24\/r-kodlama\/#Kutuphane-Library\">R-Kodlama&#8217; da k\u00fct\u00fcphanelerden(packages)<\/a> s\u00f6z edece\u011fiz. R k\u00fct\u00fcphaneleri ya da paketleri, R toplulu\u011fu taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilen i\u015flevler ve veri k\u00fcmelerini i\u00e7eren koleksiyonlar\u0131d\u0131r, bunlar R&#8217;\u0131n i\u015flevselli\u011fini geli\u015ftirir ve iyile\u015ftirirler. K\u00fct\u00fcphanalerin nas\u0131l RStudio&#8217;da kurulup ortama kullanmak \u00fczere y\u00fcklenece\u011fini ilerleyen konularda <a href=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2020\/12\/24\/r-kodlama\">R-Kodlama<\/a> alt\u0131nda g\u00f6rece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>K\u00fct\u00fcphaneleri kurup oratama y\u00fckledikten sonra<a href=\"#calismadizin\"> cal\u0131\u015fma dizinini de ayarlay\u0131p<\/a> yerle\u015fik veri k\u00fcmelerini kullanmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>En \u00e7ok kullan\u0131lan R yerle\u015fik veri setlerinden bahsetmeden \u00f6nce halihaz\u0131rda y\u00fckl\u00fc hangi veri setleri var bakal\u0131m;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img data-attachment-id=\"11768\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2021-05-04-3\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-04-3.png?fit=1920%2C1020&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1920,1020\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2021-05-04-3\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-04-3.png?fit=300%2C159&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-04-3.png?fit=700%2C372&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"372\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-04-3.png?resize=700%2C372&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11768 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-04-3.png?resize=1024%2C544&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-04-3.png?resize=300%2C159&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-04-3.png?resize=768%2C408&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-04-3.png?resize=1536%2C816&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-04-3.png?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-04-3.png?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p><a name=\"data-datasets\"><\/a>Konsolda; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>data()<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>komutu ile kaynak(source) panelinde o an ortamda y\u00fckl\u00fc olan veri setleri isimleri  a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131yla belirir.  Genel kullan\u0131mda104 civar\u0131nda veri seti mevcuttur. Yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar gerektik\u00e7e paketlerinin i\u00e7ine ilgili veri setlerini de eklemektedirler.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Kaynak panelindeki sekmeye bakacak olursak ismini &#8220;R data sets&#8221; olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. Men\u00fc barda View(g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm), Panes(b\u00f6lmeler) sonra Zoom Packages(k\u00fct\u00fcphanelere- paketlere yak\u0131nla\u015f) se\u00e7ince hangi paketlerin y\u00fckl\u00fc oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. Datasets paketine bakal\u0131m. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131larda System Library alt\u0131nda datasets paketini-k\u00fct\u00fcphanesini bulabilirsiniz. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img data-attachment-id=\"11786\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2021-05-05-1\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-05-1.png?fit=1920%2C1020&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1920,1020\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2021-05-05-1\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-05-1.png?fit=300%2C159&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-05-1.png?fit=700%2C372&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"372\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-05-1.png?resize=700%2C372&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11786 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-05-1.png?resize=1024%2C544&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-05-1.png?resize=300%2C159&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-05-1.png?resize=768%2C408&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-05-1.png?resize=1536%2C816&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-05-1.png?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-05-1.png?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">Sol yan\u0131ndaki i\u015faret \u015fu an R ortam\u0131na eklenmi\u015f oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. \u0130\u015fareti kald\u0131ral\u0131m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>detach(&#8220;package:datasets&#8221;, unload = TRUE)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>sonra komutumuzu yazal\u0131m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>data()<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img data-attachment-id=\"11788\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2021-05-05-1-1\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-05-1-1.png?fit=1920%2C1022&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1920,1022\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2021-05-05-1-1\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-05-1-1.png?fit=300%2C160&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-05-1-1.png?fit=700%2C373&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"373\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-05-1-1.png?resize=700%2C373&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11788 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-05-1-1.png?resize=1024%2C545&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-05-1-1.png?resize=300%2C160&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-05-1-1.png?resize=768%2C409&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-05-1-1.png?resize=1536%2C818&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-05-1-1.png?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-05-1-1.png?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>  no data sets found<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>  Use \u2018data(package = .packages(all.available = TRUE))\u2019<br>to list the data sets in all <em>available<\/em> packages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">Hi\u00e7bir veri k\u00fcmesi-seti bulunamad\u0131 diye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f oldu. Tekrar View men\u00fcs\u00fcnden Panes(b\u00f6lmeler)\/Zoom Pakages(paketlere yak\u0131nla\u015f) se\u00e7ip System Library alt\u0131nda Datasets yan\u0131na i\u015faretimizi tekrar koyal\u0131m.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Konsol g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcze gelecek ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki komutu g\u00f6rece\u011fiz. Bu konutu Pakages sekmesini g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclemeden direk olarak konsolda yazarak da ayn\u0131 i\u015flemi ger\u00f6ekle\u015ftirebiliriz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>library(datasets, lib.loc = &#8220;C:\/Program Files\/R\/R-3.6.3\/library&#8221;)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>library() i\u015fleviyle k\u00fct\u00fcphanenin ya da paketin bulundu\u011fu yeri de(lib.loc ile) belirterek R ortam\u0131m\u0131za paketi ekleyebiliriz. Tekrar men\u00fc \u00e7ubu\u011funda View\/Panes\/Show All Panes t\u0131klayal\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img data-attachment-id=\"11789\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2021-05-05-2\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-05-2.png?fit=1920%2C1016&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1920,1016\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2021-05-05-2\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-05-2.png?fit=300%2C159&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-05-2.png?fit=700%2C371&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"371\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-05-2.png?resize=700%2C371&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11789 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-05-2.png?resize=1024%2C542&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-05-2.png?resize=300%2C159&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-05-2.png?resize=768%2C406&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-05-2.png?resize=1536%2C813&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-05-2.png?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-05-2.png?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">Konsolda data() i\u015flevini yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda(enter tu\u015funa basmadan) yanda g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi ortamda bulunan veri k\u00fcmeleri yanlar\u0131nda sar\u0131 etiketli a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131 ile belirir. Enter tu\u015funa t\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda ise yukar\u0131daki gibi veri setleri listesi kaynak b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde listelenir. <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>En \u00e7ok kullan\u0131lan yerle\u015fik veri setleri <a href=\"https:\/\/stat.ethz.ch\/R-manual\/R-devel\/library\/datasets\/html\/00Index.html\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/stat.ethz.ch\/R-manual\/R-devel\/library\/datasets\/html\/00Index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">datasets k\u00fct\u00fcphanesinden<\/a>: mtcars, iris, toothgrowth, plantgrowth, USArrest, Longley, mlbench k\u00fct\u00fcphanesinden: BostonHousing, BreastCancer, Glass, Ionosphere, PimaIndiansDiabetes, Sonar, Soybean. Bunlar sadece birka\u00e7 \u00f6rnek, baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ileride kullanabiliriz. Tabii daha<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rdocumentation.org\/packages\/datasets\/versions\/3.6.2\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.rdocumentation.org\/packages\/datasets\/versions\/3.6.2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> pek \u00e7ok veri seti <\/a>var.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kendi veri setlerimizi de \u00e7e\u015fitli kaynaklarda R&#8217;a aktarmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn, A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da &nbsp;Veriyi \u0130\u00e7e Aktar(Import Dataset) men\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6rmektesiniz. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img data-attachment-id=\"11764\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2021-05-04-1-1\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-04-1-1.png?fit=1920%2C1028&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1920,1028\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2021-05-04-1-1\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-04-1-1.png?fit=300%2C161&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-04-1-1.png?fit=700%2C375&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-04-1-1.png?resize=700%2C375&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11764 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-04-1-1.png?resize=1024%2C548&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-04-1-1.png?resize=300%2C161&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-04-1-1.png?resize=768%2C411&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-04-1-1.png?resize=1536%2C822&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-04-1-1.png?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-04-1-1.png?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">Veri k\u00fcmeleri(datasets) kullan\u0131lmak \u00fczere text, excel, SPSS, SAS ve Stata dosyalar\u0131ndan Dosya(File) men\u00fcs\u00fc alt\u0131ndan da ortama indirilebiliyor(Import Dataset). <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img data-attachment-id=\"11817\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2021-05-08\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08.png?fit=1920%2C1014&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1920,1014\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2021-05-08\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08.png?fit=300%2C158&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08.png?fit=700%2C370&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"370\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08.png?resize=700%2C370&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11817 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08.png?resize=1024%2C541&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08.png?resize=300%2C158&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08.png?resize=768%2C406&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08.png?resize=1536%2C811&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08.png?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08.png?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">R&#8217;a RStudio ile veri aktarman\u0131n birden fazla yolu var. \u0130kinci yol ise Environment(Ortam) sekmesinde Veriyi \u0130\u00e7e Aktar(Import Dataset) men\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc kullanmak olabilir.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Tabii bunlar kodlama ile de yap\u0131labilir. Kodlama farkl\u0131 \u015fekillerde yap\u0131labilir R&#8217;da, Konsol&#8217;da(Console) kod yaz\u0131labilir, ya da text dosyas\u0131na kod\/kodlar yaz\u0131l\u0131r sonra Kodlama(Code) men\u00fcs\u00fc alt\u0131ndan Kaynak Dosya(Source File) se\u00e7ilerek R ortam\u0131na aktar\u0131l\u0131r,  RStudio ile Kodlama(Code) men\u00fcs\u00fc alt\u0131ndan Kaynak(Source) se\u00e7ilerek Kaynak(Source) panelinde kod\/kodlar yaz\u0131labilir ve daha sonra tekrar kullanmak \u00fczere kay\u0131t edilebilir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>San\u0131r\u0131m herkese hitap edebilecek veri aktarma i\u015flemi bir Excel \u00f6rne\u011fi olabilir. Bu sebeple excel ile ilerleyece\u011fim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Daha \u00f6nce Covid ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir tak\u0131m istatistikler yapabilmek i\u00e7in Excel&#8217;de bir tablo haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. R&#8217;\u0131 daha iyi \u00f6\u011frenmek amac\u0131yla sonra o tabloyu R&#8217;a aktard\u0131m. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img data-attachment-id=\"11823\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2021-05-08-1\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-1.png?fit=1920%2C1018&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1920,1018\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2021-05-08-1\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-1.png?fit=300%2C159&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-1.png?fit=700%2C371&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"371\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-1.png?resize=700%2C371&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11823 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-1.png?resize=1024%2C543&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-1.png?resize=300%2C159&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-1.png?resize=768%2C407&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-1.png?resize=1536%2C814&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-1.png?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-1.png?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">\u0130lk olarak yukar\u0131da bahsetti\u011fim Dosya(File) men\u00fcs\u00fcnden Veriyi \u0130\u00e7e Aktar(Import Datasets) kulland\u0131m. Veri aktarma penceresi birka\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fuyor. En \u00fcstte excel dosyam\u0131z\u0131 se\u00e7ebilmek i\u00e7in File(Dosya)\/URL metin kutusu, hemen yan\u0131nda G\u00f6z At(Browse) d\u00fc\u011fmesi var. Benim Excel dosyam kendi diskimde oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in ben G\u00f6z At(Browse) t\u0131klay\u0131p devam edece\u011fim. Bunlar\u0131n alt\u0131ndaki b\u00f6lmede Veri \u00d6nizleme(Data Preview) kutusu var, buras\u0131 Excel dosyas\u0131n\u0131 se\u00e7tikten sonra dolacak. <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img data-attachment-id=\"11824\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2021-05-08-6\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-6.png?fit=1920%2C1018&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1920,1018\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2021-05-08-6\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-6.png?fit=300%2C159&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-6.png?fit=700%2C371&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"371\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-6.png?resize=700%2C371&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11824 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-6.png?resize=1024%2C543&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-6.png?resize=300%2C159&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-6.png?resize=768%2C407&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-6.png?resize=1536%2C814&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-6.png?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-6.png?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn alt\u0131nda Aktarma se\u00e7enekleri k\u0131sm\u0131nda sa\u011fda \u0130sim(Name), Sayfa(Sheet), Aral\u0131k(Range)metin kutular\u0131 aynen \u00d6nizleme(Data Preview) k\u0131sm\u0131 gibi  biz yukar\u0131da excel dosyas\u0131n\u0131 se\u00e7tikten sonra dolacaklar. \u0130sim(Name) metin kutusuna Excel dosyas\u0131n\u0131n ismi gelir ve biz bu pencereyi Aktar(Imprt) ile aktararak kapat\u0131rsak haz\u0131rlanacak veri seti ismi de bu olur, Sayfa(Sheet) metin kutusuna Excel dosyam\u0131z\u0131n varsay\u0131lan sayfas\u0131, yan\u0131ndaki ok tu\u015fu ile Excel dosyas\u0131n\u0131n di\u011fer sayfalar\u0131n\u0131 se\u00e7ebilmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img data-attachment-id=\"11825\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2021-05-08-20\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-20.png?fit=1920%2C1018&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1920,1018\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2021-05-08-20\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-20.png?fit=300%2C159&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-20.png?fit=700%2C371&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"371\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-20.png?resize=700%2C371&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11825 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-20.png?resize=1024%2C543&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-20.png?resize=300%2C159&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-20.png?resize=768%2C407&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-20.png?resize=1536%2C814&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-20.png?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-20.png?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">Sayfa(Sheet) metin kutusuna Excel dosyam\u0131z\u0131n varsay\u0131lan sayfas\u0131, yan\u0131ndaki ok tu\u015fu ile Excel dosyas\u0131n\u0131n di\u011fer sayfalar\u0131n\u0131 se\u00e7ebilmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aral\u0131k(Range) metin kutusunda ise Excel&#8217;den hangi aral\u0131\u011f\u0131n al\u0131naca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rebiliriz. Bu Excel dosyas\u0131 i\u00e7in aral\u0131k A1:D10 olarak g\u00f6z\u00fck\u00fcyor. E\u011fer al\u0131nacak aral\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmek istersek \u00fcst\u00fcne t\u0131klay\u0131p istedi\u011fimiz aral\u0131\u011f\u0131 yazabiliriz. Ya da Aral\u0131k(Range) hi\u00e7 t\u0131klamay\u0131p Maksimim sat\u0131r(Maximum Rows) metin kutusuna aktaraca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z maksimim sat\u0131r adedini yazabiliriz.  Atla(Skip) metin kutusuna ise almay\u0131p atlamak istedi\u011fimizi yaz\u0131yoruz. NA metin kutusuna ise herhangi bir de\u011feri olmayan veri olursa yerine ne koyaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 yaz\u0131yoruz. Ben 0 dedim, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc i\u015fim rakamlarla.   <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img data-attachment-id=\"11829\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2021-05-08-7\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-7.png?fit=1920%2C1020&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1920,1020\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2021-05-08-7\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-7.png?fit=300%2C159&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-7.png?fit=700%2C372&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"372\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-7.png?resize=700%2C372&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11829 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-7.png?resize=1024%2C544&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-7.png?resize=300%2C159&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-7.png?resize=768%2C408&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-7.png?resize=1536%2C816&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-7.png?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-7.png?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">Sonra d\u00f6n\u00fcp \u00d6nizleme(Preview k\u0131sm\u0131nda veriyi g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irdim. Bunu mutlaka yapman\u0131z\u0131 \u00f6neririm, aktarma \u00f6ncesi son d\u00fczeltmeleri yapabilirsiniz. \u00d6rne\u011fin ben baz\u0131 s\u00fctunlar\u0131n veri tiplerinin hatal\u0131 belirlendi\u011fini fark ettim. <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img data-attachment-id=\"11837\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2021-05-08-9\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-9.png?fit=1920%2C1022&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1920,1022\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2021-05-08-9\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-9.png?fit=300%2C160&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-9.png?fit=700%2C373&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"373\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-9.png?resize=700%2C373&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11837 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-9.png?resize=1024%2C545&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-9.png?resize=300%2C160&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-9.png?resize=768%2C409&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-9.png?resize=1536%2C818&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-9.png?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-9.png?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">ilk s\u00fctun G\u00fcn\u00fcn tarihi idi veri tipi &#8220;double&#8221; olarak g\u00f6z\u00fck\u00fcyor, oysa tarih olmal\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>R&#8217;de kullan\u0131lan en yayg\u0131n iki say\u0131sal s\u0131n\u0131f tamsay\u0131(integer) ve \u00e7ifttir(double) (\u00e7ift-double- duyarl\u0131kl\u0131 kayan noktal\u0131 say\u0131lar i\u00e7in). R, matematiksel ama\u00e7lar i\u00e7in ihtiya\u00e7 duyuldu\u011funda bu iki s\u0131n\u0131f aras\u0131nda otomatik olarak d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm sa\u011flar. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Excel&#8217;den say\u0131lar\u0131 \u00c7ift(double) olarak aktar\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img data-attachment-id=\"11842\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2021-05-08-8\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-8.png?fit=1920%2C1014&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1920,1014\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2021-05-08-8\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-8.png?fit=300%2C158&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-8.png?fit=700%2C370&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"370\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-8.png?resize=700%2C370&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11842 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-8.png?resize=1024%2C541&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-8.png?resize=300%2C158&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-8.png?resize=768%2C406&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-8.png?resize=1536%2C811&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-8.png?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-08-8.png?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">Sa\u011fa kayd\u0131rma \u00e7ubu\u011fu ile di\u011fer s\u00fctunlara bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131mda ise say\u0131sal olmas\u0131 gereken baz\u0131 s\u00fctunlar\u0131 karakter olarak aktarmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu, onlar\u0131 da n\u00fcmerik(numeric) yapt\u0131m. Bu arada \u00e7ift(double) n\u00fcmerik(numeric)&#8217;den daha fazla yer kaplar.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Her\u015feyin atkar\u0131lmaya uygun oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rd\u00fckten sonra, bu pencerede Kod G\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc(Code Preview) penceresine bakt\u0131m. Orada bu Excel Verisini Aktar(Import Excel Data) penceresinde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m t\u00fcm ayarlar neticesinde olu\u015fan kodlama par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fcm. Bu kodlamay\u0131 \u00f6nce Ctrl-C ile kopyalad\u0131m, ileride bu kodu kullanaca\u011f\u0131m. \u015eimdi e\u011fer bu pencerede sol alt k\u00f6\u015fedeki Aktar(Import) t\u0131klarsam aktarma i\u015flemi ger\u00e7ekle\u015fecek ve veri seti R&#8217;da ortam\u0131mda haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f olacak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img data-attachment-id=\"11855\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2021-05-11\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11.png?fit=1920%2C1022&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1920,1022\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2021-05-11\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11.png?fit=300%2C160&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11.png?fit=700%2C373&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"373\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11.png?resize=700%2C373&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11855 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11.png?resize=1024%2C545&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11.png?resize=300%2C160&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11.png?resize=768%2C409&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11.png?resize=1536%2C818&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11.png?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11.png?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">Evet Aktar(Import) t\u0131klad\u0131ktan sonra Ortam&#8217; da(Environment) corona_followup veri setimizi g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz, 48obs (yani 48 observation-48 sat\u0131r) of 13 variables(yani 13 s\u00fctun) dan olu\u015fuyormu\u015f. Hemen solundaki panelde de veri setinin i\u00e7eri\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz, alt\u0131nda konsolda ise bu Aktar(Import) i\u015flemi neticesinde olu\u015fan kodu g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz.  <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img data-attachment-id=\"11856\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2021-05-11-1\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-1.png?fit=1920%2C1020&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1920,1020\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2021-05-11-1\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-1.png?fit=300%2C159&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-1.png?fit=700%2C372&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"372\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-1.png?resize=700%2C372&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11856 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-1.png?resize=1024%2C544&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-1.png?resize=300%2C159&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-1.png?resize=768%2C408&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-1.png?resize=1536%2C816&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-1.png?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-1.png?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">\u015eimdi konsolda ve ortamda s\u00fcp\u00fcrge i\u015faretlerine t\u0131klayarak temizlik yapal\u0131m, sonra da sa\u011f \u00fcst panelde corona_followup veri setinin g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7arp\u0131s\u0131ndan kapatal\u0131m.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img data-attachment-id=\"11857\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2021-05-11-3\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-3.png?fit=1920%2C1018&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1920,1018\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2021-05-11-3\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-3.png?fit=300%2C159&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-3.png?fit=700%2C371&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"371\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-3.png?resize=700%2C371&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11857 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-3.png?resize=1024%2C543&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-3.png?resize=300%2C159&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-3.png?resize=768%2C407&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-3.png?resize=1536%2C814&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-3.png?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-3.png?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">B\u00f6ylece temizli\u011fimiz bitmi\u015f oldu. \u015eimdi hat\u0131rlarsan\u0131z Excel Verisini Aktarma(Import Excel Data) penceresinde t\u00fcm ayarlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 yapt\u0131ktan sonra sol alt k\u00f6\u015fede olu\u015fan kodu kopyalam\u0131\u015ft\u0131k. Ba\u015fka kopyalama yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ve Rstudio&#8217;yu kapat\u0131p a\u00e7mad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z i\u00e7in halen bilgisayar haf\u0131zas\u0131nda tutuluyor.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img data-attachment-id=\"11860\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2021-05-11-4\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-4.png?fit=1920%2C1016&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1920,1016\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2021-05-11-4\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-4.png?fit=300%2C159&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-4.png?fit=700%2C371&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"371\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-4.png?resize=700%2C371&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11860 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-4.png?resize=1024%2C542&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-4.png?resize=300%2C159&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-4.png?resize=768%2C406&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-4.png?resize=1536%2C813&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-4.png?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-4.png?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>Konsoldayken ctrl+v ile yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yoruz, <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>library(readxl)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>corona_followup &lt;- read_excel(&#8220;corona_test\/corona_followup.xlsx&#8221;, col_types = c(&#8220;date&#8221;, &#8220;numeric&#8221;, &#8220;numeric&#8221;, &#8220;numeric&#8221;, &#8220;numeric&#8221;, &#8220;numeric&#8221;, &#8220;numeric&#8221;, &#8220;numeric&#8221;, &#8220;numeric&#8221;, &#8220;numeric&#8221;, &#8220;numeric&#8221;, &#8220;numeric&#8221;, &#8220;numeric&#8221;), na = &#8220;0&#8221;)<br>View(corona_followup)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>ve en sonunda enter tu\u015funa bas\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img data-attachment-id=\"11861\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2021-05-11-5\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-5.png?fit=1920%2C1020&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1920,1020\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2021-05-11-5\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-5.png?fit=300%2C159&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-5.png?fit=700%2C372&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"372\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-5.png?resize=700%2C372&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11861 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-5.png?resize=1024%2C544&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-5.png?resize=300%2C159&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-5.png?resize=768%2C408&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-5.png?resize=1536%2C816&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-5.png?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-5.png?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">Yine corona_followup veri setimiz haz\u0131rland\u0131, ortamda g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz, sa\u011f \u00fcst panelde veri setinin i\u00e7eri\u011fini de g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. \u015eimdi bir de script dosyas\u0131 haz\u0131rlayal\u0131m. \u00d6nce yine s\u00fcp\u00fcrelim, yani temizlik yapal\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"Kod-script\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">Bunun i\u00e7in iki se\u00e7ene\u011fimiz var<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img data-attachment-id=\"11862\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2021-05-11-6\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-6.png?fit=1920%2C1022&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1920,1022\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2021-05-11-6\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-6.png?fit=300%2C160&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-6.png?fit=700%2C373&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"373\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-6.png?resize=700%2C373&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11862 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-6.png?resize=1024%2C545&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-6.png?resize=300%2C160&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-6.png?resize=768%2C409&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-6.png?resize=1536%2C818&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-6.png?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-6.png?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">. Birincisi d\u0131\u015far\u0131da bir not dosyas\u0131(notepad ile) a\u00e7\u0131p yine ctrl+v ile kodu ekleyip bir isim vererek txt uzant\u0131l\u0131 dosya olarak kaydettikten sonra Kod(Code) men\u00fcs\u00fcnden Kaynak dosya(source file) ile se\u00e7erek.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img data-attachment-id=\"11863\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2021-05-11-7\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-7.png?fit=1920%2C1014&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1920,1014\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2021-05-11-7\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-7.png?fit=300%2C158&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-7.png?fit=700%2C370&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"370\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-7.png?resize=700%2C370&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11863 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-7.png?resize=1024%2C541&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-7.png?resize=300%2C158&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-7.png?resize=768%2C406&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-7.png?resize=1536%2C811&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-7.png?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-7.png?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">Ben Test_1.txt ile kaydettim yukar\u0131daki dosyay\u0131. Sonra RStudio&#8217;da Kod(Code) mes\u00fcs\u00fcnde Kaynak Dosya(Source file) t\u0131klad\u0131m ve a\u00e7\u0131lan Kaynak Dosya (Source File)se\u00e7im penceresinde Test_1.txt dosyas\u0131n\u0131 bulup se\u00e7tim ve A\u00e7(Open) t\u0131klad\u0131m.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img data-attachment-id=\"11865\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2021-05-11-8\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-8.png?fit=1920%2C1016&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1920,1016\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2021-05-11-8\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-8.png?fit=300%2C159&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-8.png?fit=700%2C371&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"371\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-8.png?resize=700%2C371&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11865 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-8.png?resize=1024%2C542&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-8.png?resize=300%2C159&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-8.png?resize=768%2C406&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-8.png?resize=1536%2C813&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-8.png?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-8.png?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">Yine corona_followup veri setimin aktar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rd\u00fcm. Konsolda ise bu yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m i\u015flemim kodu yaz\u0131yor \u015fimdi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">source(&#8216;~\/corona_test\/Test_1.txt&#8217;, encoding = &#8216;UTF-8&#8217;)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">e\u011fer bu kodu kopyalay\u0131p sonra temizlik yap\u0131p Konsolda ctrl+v ile yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p enter tu\u015flarsam yine benim Test_1.txt dosyam\u0131 kaynak kod olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131racak ve yine corona_followup veri setimi aktar\u0131p olu\u015fturacak.  <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img data-attachment-id=\"11866\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2021-05-11-9\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-9.png?fit=1920%2C1022&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1920,1022\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2021-05-11-9\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-9.png?fit=300%2C160&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-9.png?fit=700%2C373&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"373\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-9.png?resize=700%2C373&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11866 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-9.png?resize=1024%2C545&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-9.png?resize=300%2C160&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-9.png?resize=768%2C409&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-9.png?resize=1536%2C818&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-9.png?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-9.png?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">\u015eimdi Kod(Code) alt\u0131ndan Kaynak(Source) se\u00e7elim.  ctrl+v ile kodumuzu yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131ral\u0131m. T\u00fcm kodu se\u00e7ip \u00c7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r(Run) t\u0131klayal\u0131m. <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img data-attachment-id=\"11867\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2021-05-11-5-2\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-5-2.png?fit=1920%2C1020&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1920,1020\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2021-05-11-5-2\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-5-2.png?fit=300%2C159&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-5-2.png?fit=700%2C372&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"372\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-5-2.png?resize=700%2C372&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11867 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-5-2.png?resize=1024%2C544&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-5-2.png?resize=300%2C159&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-5-2.png?resize=768%2C408&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-5-2.png?resize=1536%2C816&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-5-2.png?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-5-2.png?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">Yine corona_followup veri setimiz olu\u015facak ve konsolda kodumuz okunacak.  E\u011fer dikkat edilecek olursa Kaynak(source) sekmesi en solda k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 <span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\">Untitled1*<\/span> olarak duruyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\">Untitled1*<\/span> yaz\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerinde t\u0131klayal\u0131m. <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img data-attachment-id=\"11868\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2021-05-11-10\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-10.png?fit=1920%2C1022&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1920,1022\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2021-05-11-10\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-10.png?fit=300%2C160&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-10.png?fit=700%2C373&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"373\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-10.png?resize=700%2C373&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11868 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-10.png?resize=1024%2C545&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-10.png?resize=300%2C160&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-10.png?resize=768%2C409&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-10.png?resize=1536%2C818&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-10.png?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-10.png?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">Sakla(Save) t\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda Dosya Sakla(Save File) penceresi a\u00e7\u0131lacak.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img data-attachment-id=\"11870\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2021-05-11-14\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-14.png?fit=1920%2C1020&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1920,1020\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2021-05-11-14\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-14.png?fit=300%2C159&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-14.png?fit=700%2C372&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"372\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-14.png?resize=700%2C372&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11870 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-14.png?resize=1024%2C544&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-14.png?resize=300%2C159&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-14.png?resize=768%2C408&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-14.png?resize=1536%2C816&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-14.png?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-14.png?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">Bu sefer Dosya Ad\u0131 olarak Test_2 yazd\u0131m ve Sakla(Save) t\u0131klad\u0131m. Yine corona_followup veri setim haz\u0131rland\u0131 ve <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">source(&#8216;~\/corona_test\/Test_2.txt&#8217;, encoding = &#8216;UTF-8&#8217;)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">konsolda g\u00f6r\u00fcyorum. Yani dosya hem kaydoldu hem de \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\"><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img data-attachment-id=\"11871\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2021-05-11-16\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-16.png?fit=1920%2C1020&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1920,1020\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2021-05-11-16\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-16.png?fit=300%2C159&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-16.png?fit=700%2C372&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"372\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-16.png?resize=700%2C372&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11871 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-16.png?resize=1024%2C544&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-16.png?resize=300%2C159&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-16.png?resize=768%2C408&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-16.png?resize=1536%2C816&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-16.png?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-11-16.png?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">\u015eimdi yine her \u015feyi temizleyelim, s\u00fcp\u00fcrgelere ve x lara t\u0131klayarak. ama tabii Rstudio&#8217; yu kapatmayal\u0131m. Sonra Kod(Source) men\u00fcs\u00fcnde Kaynak dosya(Source file) t\u0131klayal\u0131m ve Test_2.R dosyas\u0131n\u0131 se\u00e7elim, yani dosya R uzant\u0131s\u0131 ile kaydedilmi\u015f. E\u011fer Not Defteri kullanacak isek dosyay\u0131 kaydederken txt uzant\u0131y\u0131 R yapmakta fayda var. <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img data-attachment-id=\"11882\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2021-05-14\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-14.png?fit=1620%2C1020&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1620,1020\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2021-05-14\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-14.png?fit=300%2C189&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-14.png?fit=700%2C441&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"441\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-14.png?resize=700%2C441&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11882 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-14.png?resize=1024%2C645&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-14.png?resize=300%2C189&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-14.png?resize=768%2C484&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-14.png?resize=1536%2C967&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-14.png?w=1620&amp;ssl=1 1620w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-14.png?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-admin\/post.php?post=2572&amp;action=edit#Skaler\">Skaler <\/a>konusunu anlat\u0131rken yeni kod(script) penceresi nas\u0131l a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r bahsetmi\u015ftik, dosya men\u00fcs\u00fc alt\u0131ndaki \u00fczerinde + resmi olan d\u00fc\u011fmeden ve Dosya(File) alt\u0131ndaki Yeni Dosya(New File) alt men\u00fcs\u00fcnden i\u015flemler yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131k. Yandaki resimde her iki yol da kal\u0131n siyah \u00e7izgi ile ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f g\u00f6z\u00fck\u00fcyor. Soldakinde + i\u015fareti yan\u0131ndaki a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 ok d\u00fc\u011fmesine bast\u0131k ve a\u00e7\u0131lan alt men\u00fcden se\u00e7im yapt\u0131k, sa\u011fdakinde ise Dosya(File) men\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn alt men\u00fclerine ula\u015f\u0131p yeni kod penceresini ya da dosyas\u0131n\u0131 R Script se\u00e7erek a\u00e7t\u0131k. Bir ip ucu; e\u011fer Kaynak(Source) panelinde hi\u00e7bir dosya a\u00e7\u0131k de\u011filse ve  G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm(View) sonra Paneller(Panes) alt\u0131ndan Kayna\u011fa Yak\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r(Zoom to Source) derseniz Source paneli Untitled1 isimli kaynak dosya- R Kod(R Script) dosyas\u0131 ile a\u00e7\u0131lacakt\u0131r.    <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>G\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcz gibi R&#8217;da bir i\u015fi yapman\u0131n pek \u00e7ok yolu olabiliyor, zaman i\u00e7inde kendinize en uygun gelen yolu se\u00e7ip devam edebilirsiniz. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Veri seti aktar\u0131m\u0131 ve biraz da kod(script) dosyas\u0131 ile ilgili bilgi verdikten sonra konumuza geri d\u00f6nelim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bir <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Data_set\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Data_set\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">veri k\u00fcmesi (data set or dataset)<\/a>, genellikle tablo bi\u00e7iminde sunulan bir toplanm\u0131\u015f verilerdir. Her s\u00fctun belirli bir de\u011fi\u015fkeni temsil ederken her sat\u0131r, s\u00f6z konusu veri k\u00fcmesinin belirli bir \u00fcyesine ya da de\u011fi\u015fkenlerle ilgili g\u00f6zlemlere kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>R&#8217; da Kendi veri k\u00fcmelerimizi haz\u0131rlamak istiyorsak o zaman veri \u00e7er\u00e7evesini(data.frame()) kullanmal\u0131y\u0131z.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img data-attachment-id=\"11900\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/data_frame_veri\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/data_frame_veri.png?fit=773%2C489&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"773,489\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"data_frame_veri\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/data_frame_veri.png?fit=300%2C190&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/data_frame_veri.png?fit=700%2C443&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"443\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/data_frame_veri.png?resize=700%2C443&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11900 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/data_frame_veri.png?w=773&amp;ssl=1 773w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/data_frame_veri.png?resize=300%2C190&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/data_frame_veri.png?resize=768%2C486&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">Elimizde yandaki gibi veri olsun. Buna g\u00f6re \u00f6\u011frenci veri setimizi haz\u0131rlayal\u0131m. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>RStudio&#8217; da Kaynak(Source) paneline ge\u00e7tim ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki sat\u0131rlar\u0131 yazd\u0131m.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Ogrenci_ismi &lt;- c(&#8220;Ay\u015fe&#8221;, &#8220;Bekir&#8221;, &#8220;Ceyhun&#8221;, &#8220;Dilek&#8221;, &#8220;Elif&#8221;, &#8220;Faruk&#8221;, &#8220;Gencal&#8221;, &#8220;Hale&#8221;)<br>Yasi &lt;- c(27, 55, 34, 42, 20, 27, 34, 42)<br>Cinsiyeti &lt;- c(&#8220;K&#8221;, &#8220;E&#8221;, &#8220;E&#8221;, &#8220;K&#8221;, &#8220;K&#8221;, &#8220;E&#8221;, &#8220;E&#8221;, &#8220;K&#8221;)<br>GPA &lt;- c(3.26, 3.75, 2.98, 3.40, 2.75, 3.32, 3.68, 3.97)<br>Ogrenci_veriseti &lt;- data.frame(Ogrenci_ismi, Yasi, Cinsiyeti, GPA) # data.frame()&#8217;e veri setimizin ismini verdik<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img data-attachment-id=\"11903\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2021-05-16-4\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-4.png?fit=1920%2C1018&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1920,1018\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2021-05-16-4\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-4.png?fit=300%2C159&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-4.png?fit=700%2C371&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"371\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-4.png?resize=700%2C371&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11903 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-4.png?resize=1024%2C543&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-4.png?resize=300%2C159&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-4.png?resize=768%2C407&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-4.png?resize=1536%2C814&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-4.png?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-4.png?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">Sonra hepsini se\u00e7ip sol \u00fcstte \u00c7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r(Run) t\u0131klad\u0131m. <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img data-attachment-id=\"11902\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2021-05-16-2\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-2.png?fit=1920%2C1020&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1920,1020\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2021-05-16-2\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-2.png?fit=300%2C159&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-2.png?fit=700%2C372&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"372\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-2.png?resize=700%2C372&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11902 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-2.png?resize=1024%2C544&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-2.png?resize=300%2C159&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-2.png?resize=768%2C408&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-2.png?resize=1536%2C816&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-2.png?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-2.png?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">Ortam penceresinde Veri(data) b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde Ogrenci_veriseti 4 de\u011fi\u015fkenin(s\u00fctun) 8 g\u00f6zlemi(sat\u0131r) olarak bulunuyor, Alt\u0131nda De\u011ferler(Values) alt\u0131nda ise Ogrenci_ismi, Yas, Cinsiyeti, GPA de\u011ferlerini g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>B\u00f6ylece veri setimizi(data.frame) haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015f olduk.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Konsol&#8217; da <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ogrenci_veriseti # veri setimizi listeleyelim<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>  Ogrenci_ismi Yasi Cinsiyeti GPA<br>1 Ay\u015fe               27       K        3.26<br>2 Bekir               55       E        3.75<br>3 Ceyhun           34       E        2.98<br>4 Dilek               42       K        3.40<br>5 Elif                  20       K        2.75<br>6 Faruk              27       E        3.32<br>7 Gencal            34       E        3.68<br>8 Hale                42       K        3.97<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Veri setleri ya da veri \u00e7er\u00e7eveleri(data.frame) i\u00e7in, t\u0131pk\u0131 bir veri k\u00fcmesindeki(dataset) gibi farkl\u0131 \u00f6zellikli s\u00fctunlar\u0131 bir araya getirebilirsiniz. Burada, \u00d6\u011frenci_Ad\u0131 ve Cinsiyet de\u011fi\u015fkenlerinin ikisi de kategori modundayken Ya\u015f ve GPA de\u011fi\u015fkenlerinin niceldir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sadece s\u00fctun isimlerini listelemek i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>names(Ogrenci_veriseti) #unutmalay\u0131m b\u00fcy\u00fck\/k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck harf R&#8217;da \u00f6nemli, names(ogrenci_veriseti) yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda veri setimizi bulamayacakt\u0131r.<br>[1] &#8220;Ogrenci_ismi&#8221; &#8220;Yasi&#8221; &#8220;Cinsiyeti&#8221; &#8220;GPA&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8220;Yasi&#8221; st\u00fctunu de\u011ferlerini listelemek i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ogrenci_veriseti[c(&#8220;Yasi&#8221;)]<br> Yasi<br>1 27<br>2 55<br>3 34<br>4 42<br>5 20<br>6 27<br>7 34<br>8 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>R&#8217; da ayn\u0131 i\u015flem i\u00e7in pek \u00e7ok yol var, ayn\u0131 s\u00fctun i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ogrenci_veriseti[2]<br>  Yasi<br>1 27<br>2 55<br>3 34<br>4 42<br>5 20<br>6 27<br>7 34<br>8 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da Konsol(Console) paneline yak\u0131nla\u015f\u0131nca yazd\u0131klar\u0131m\u0131 daha rahat g\u00f6rebiliyorum. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-5.png?ssl=1\"><img data-attachment-id=\"11904\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2021-05-16-5\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-5.png?fit=1920%2C1018&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1920,1018\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2021-05-16-5\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-5.png?fit=300%2C159&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-5.png?fit=700%2C371&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"371\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-5.png?resize=700%2C371&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11904\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-5.png?resize=1024%2C543&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-5.png?resize=300%2C159&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-5.png?resize=768%2C407&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-5.png?resize=1536%2C814&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-5.png?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-5.png?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Devam edelim;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ogrenci_veriseti[2:3] # 2ci ve 3c\u00fc s\u00fctunlar listelenecek<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ogrenci_veriseti[c(&#8220;Yasi&#8221;, &#8220;Cinsiyeti&#8221;)] #ayn\u0131 s\u00fctunlar\u0131 isimlerini kullanarak da listeleyebiliriz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img data-attachment-id=\"11906\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2021-05-16-6\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-6.png?fit=1920%2C1006&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1920,1006\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2021-05-16-6\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-6.png?fit=300%2C157&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-6.png?fit=700%2C367&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"367\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-6.png?resize=700%2C367&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11906 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-6.png?resize=1024%2C537&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-6.png?resize=300%2C157&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-6.png?resize=768%2C402&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-6.png?resize=1536%2C805&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-6.png?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-6.png?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>Ogrenci_veriseti[2, ] # 2nci sat\u0131r\u0131n tamam\u0131 listelenir<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img data-attachment-id=\"11908\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2021-05-16-7\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-7.png?fit=1920%2C1020&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1920,1020\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2021-05-16-7\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-7.png?fit=300%2C159&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-7.png?fit=700%2C372&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"372\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-7.png?resize=700%2C372&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11908 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-7.png?resize=1024%2C544&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-7.png?resize=300%2C159&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-7.png?resize=768%2C408&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-7.png?resize=1536%2C816&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-7.png?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-7.png?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>Ogrenci_veriseti[2:3, c(&#8220;Yasi&#8221;)] #2ci ve 3c\u00fc sat\u0131rdaki Yasi verisi<br>Ogrenci_veriseti[2:3, 2:3) # 2ci ve 3c\u00fc sat\u0131r ile 2ci ve 3c\u00fc s\u00fctun verileri<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>bu son sat\u0131r \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken do\u011fal olarak hata verdi ve i\u015flemi yapmad\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc k\u00f6\u015feli parantez ] yerine normal parantez ) ile kapatm\u0131\u015f\u0131m..<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ogrenci_veriseti[2:3, 2:3] # 2ci ve 3c\u00fc sat\u0131r ile 2ci ve 3c\u00fc s\u00fctun verileri<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>d\u00fczeltince sonucu ald\u0131m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>  Yasi Cinsiyeti<br>2 55       E<br>3 34       E<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img data-attachment-id=\"11912\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2021-05-16-8\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-8.png?fit=1920%2C1014&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1920,1014\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2021-05-16-8\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-8.png?fit=300%2C158&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-8.png?fit=700%2C370&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"370\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-8.png?resize=700%2C370&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11912 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-8.png?resize=1024%2C541&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-8.png?resize=300%2C158&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-8.png?resize=768%2C406&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-8.png?resize=1536%2C811&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-8.png?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-8.png?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>Ogrenci_veriseti$Yasi<br>[1] 27 55 34 42 20 27 34 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ogrenci_veriseti$Cinsiyeti<br>[1] K E E K K E E K<br>Levels: E K<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img data-attachment-id=\"11913\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/2021-05-16-9\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-9.png?fit=1920%2C1022&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1920,1022\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2021-05-16-9\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-9.png?fit=300%2C160&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-9.png?fit=700%2C373&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"373\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-9.png?resize=700%2C373&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11913 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-9.png?resize=1024%2C545&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-9.png?resize=300%2C160&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-9.png?resize=768%2C409&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-9.png?resize=1536%2C818&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-9.png?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-16-9.png?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>table(Ogrenci_veriseti$Yasi) # ya\u015flar\u0131 sayar<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>20 27 34 42 55<br> 1    2   2   2   1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yani veri setimizde 27, 34 ve 42 ya\u015flar\u0131nda olan iki\u015fer ki\u015fi varm\u0131\u015f.. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ayn\u0131 ya\u015f ve cinsiyette ka\u00e7ar ki\u015fi varm\u0131\u015f?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>table(Ogrenci_veriseti$Yasi, Ogrenci_veriseti$Cinsiyeti) # ayn\u0131 ya\u015f ve cinsiyette ka\u00e7 ki\u015fi var? cevab\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>     E K<br>20 0 1<br>27 1 1<br>34 2 0<br>42 0 2<br>55 1 0<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:29% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img data-attachment-id=\"2435\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2017\/07\/13\/hideous\/x2img_20170310_181354\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/x2IMG_20170310_181354.jpg?fit=2448%2C3264&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"2448,3264\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;XT1063&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1489169636&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;3.54&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;80&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.00763&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"x2IMG_20170310_181354\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/x2IMG_20170310_181354.jpg?fit=225%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/x2IMG_20170310_181354.jpg?fit=700%2C933&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/x2IMG_20170310_181354.jpg?resize=225%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2435 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/x2IMG_20170310_181354.jpg?resize=225%2C300&amp;ssl=1 225w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/x2IMG_20170310_181354.jpg?resize=768%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/x2IMG_20170310_181354.jpg?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/x2IMG_20170310_181354.jpg?w=2100&amp;ssl=1 2100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">Devam\u0131 gelecek&#8230;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0130\u00e7indekiler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li> <ul><li><a href=\"#R-ortam\u0131\">R-ortam\u0131<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Veri-tip\">Veri tipleri<\/a><\/li><li>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href=\"#Skaler\">Skaler<\/a><\/li><li>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href=\"#Karakter\">Karakter<\/a><\/li><li>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href=\"#N\u00fcmerik\">N\u00fcmerik<\/a><\/li><li>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href=\"#fonksiyonlar\">Fonksiyonlar<\/a><\/li><li>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href=\"#ab\">a:b<\/a><\/li><li>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href=\"#seq\">seq()<\/a><\/li><li>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href=\"#rep\">rep()<\/a><\/li><li>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href=\"#Vektor\">Vekt\u00f6r<\/a><\/li><li>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href=\"#vkarakter\">Karakter<\/a><\/li><li>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<a href=\"#vnumerik\">N\u00fcmerik<\/a><\/li><li>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<a href=\"#vmant\u0131ksal\">Mant\u0131ksal<\/a><\/li><li>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href=\"#varitmetik\">Vekt\u00f6r aritmeti\u011fi<\/a><\/li><li>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<a href=\"#voperator\">Operat\u00f6rler<\/a><\/li><li>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<a href=\"#varitmetikv\">Aritmetik<\/a><\/li><li>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<a href=\"#voperatorv\">Operat\u00f6rlerin&nbsp;s\u0131ralamas\u0131<\/a><\/li><li>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<a href=\"#vfonksiyon\">Fonksiyonlar<\/a><\/li><li>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href=\"#vozist\">\u00d6zet istatistikler<\/a><\/li><li>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href=\"#vsayist\">Sayma istatistikleri<\/a><\/li><li>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href=\"#vstandart\">Standardizasyon<\/a><\/li><li>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<a href=\"#indeksv\">\u0130ndeksleme vekt\u00f6rleri<\/a><\/li><li>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href=\"#matris\">Matrix<\/a><\/li><li>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href=\"#dizi\">Dizi<\/a><\/li><li>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href=\"#verikumesi\">Veri k\u00fcmeleri<\/a><\/li><li>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Liste<\/li><li>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Faktor<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2020\/12\/24\/r-kodlama\/\">R ile kodlama<\/a><\/li><li>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2020\/12\/24\/r-kodlama\/#Kutuphane-Library\">K\u00fct\u00fcphane &#8211; library<\/a><\/li><li>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Girdi -input<\/li><li>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; D\u00f6ng\u00fc -loop<\/li><li>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Yeni kay\u0131t ekleme<\/li><li>Grafikler<\/li><li>&nbsp; &nbsp;\u00c7izgi grafik<\/li><li>&nbsp; &nbsp;Bar grafik<\/li><li>&nbsp; &nbsp;E\u011fri&nbsp;<\/li><li>&nbsp; &nbsp;Karma grafik<\/li><li>\u00d6rnek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar<\/li><li>&nbsp; &nbsp;Covid19 grafikleri<\/li><li>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Girdi alarak &#8211; getting user input<\/li><li>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; \u0130nternetten csv dosyas\u0131 ile&nbsp; <\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Faydalan\u0131lan kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Cran R Project<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/rmarkdown.rstudio.com\/\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/rmarkdown.rstudio.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">R Markdown from RStudio<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rdocumentation.org\/\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.rdocumentation.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">R Documentation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.w3schools.com\/r\/\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.w3schools.com\/r\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">W3schools R tutorial<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.statmethods.net\/r-tutorial\/index.html\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.statmethods.net\/r-tutorial\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Quick-R by datacamp R tutorial<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Courses taken by me<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.coursera.org\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"www.coursera.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Coursera R programming by Johns Hopkins University <\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/learning\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/learning\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Linkedin Learning &#8211; Learning R<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>R, istatistiksel hesaplama ve grafikler i\u00e7in bir dil ve ortamd\u0131r. T-testi, ki-kare testleri, standart do\u011frusal modeller, enstr\u00fcmental de\u011fi\u015fkenler tahmini, yerel polinom regresyonlar\u0131, vb. gibi \u00e7ok say\u0131da istatistiksel prosed\u00fcr i\u00e7erir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda y\u00fcksek seviye grafik yetenekleri sa\u011flar. R, \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli UNIX platformlar\u0131 ve benzer sistemleri (FreeBSD ve Linux dahil), Windows ve MacOS \u00fczerinde derlenir ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2287,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":true,"template":"","format":"aside","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_is_tweetstorm":false,"jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":[]},"categories":[174,427],"tags":[373,418,209,117,388,386,387,385,421,423,422,384],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/robot1-Techmuseumofinnovation.jpg?fit=3264%2C2448&ssl=1","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p4aIZ6-Fu","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":10640,"url":"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2020\/12\/24\/r-kodlama\/","url_meta":{"origin":2572,"position":0},"title":"R &#8211; Kodlama","date":"December 24, 2020","format":"aside","excerpt":"R, istatistiksel hesaplama, veri analiti\u011fi ve bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmada yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan bir programlama dili ve ortam\u0131d\u0131r. Daha \u00f6nceki yaz\u0131m ile R - Giri\u015f ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda R ortam\u0131 ve R veri tipleri ile ilgili yazmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131m, dizilerle devam edece\u011fim orada. Ama \u015fimdiki bo\u015flu\u011fu da f\u0131rsat bilip R - Kodlama ile ilgili\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;IT Journals&quot;","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/123942342_10158184411279011_3848842236204647347_o.jpg?fit=1200%2C992&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":8650,"url":"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2020\/05\/21\/r-giris-2\/","url_meta":{"origin":2572,"position":1},"title":"R- Giri\u015f devam\u0131","date":"May 21, 2020","format":"aside","excerpt":"http:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/Ba\u015flarken baz\u0131 ta\u015flar yerine oturmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.. San\u0131r\u0131m art\u0131k daha hakimim.. Ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fim projeyi de ekleyece\u011fim. \u015eimdilik projenin \u0130ngilizce versiyonunun videosunu haz\u0131rl\u0131yorum.\u0130lerlemek i\u00e7in benim a\u00e7\u0131mdan gerekli olan ger\u00e7ek hayatla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 bir proje - Covid19 grafikleri gibi- ve \u00f6\u011frenmeye devam edebilece\u011fim kaynaklar gerekli.Ger\u00e7ek proje olunca \u00f6\u011frenme daha anlaml\u0131 ve daha kal\u0131c\u0131 oluyor. Kaynaklara gelince\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;IT Journals&quot;","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/robot1-Techmuseumofinnovation.jpg?fit=1200%2C900&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":2503,"url":"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/09\/06\/veri-madenciligi-giris\/","url_meta":{"origin":2572,"position":2},"title":"Veri madencili\u011fi &#8211; Giris","date":"September 6, 2018","format":"aside","excerpt":"Veri Madencili\u011fi Nedir? Bilgisayar biliminde, ham verilerin faydal\u0131 bilgilere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesi s\u00fcrecidir. Bilgi ke\u015ffi olarak da adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z, veri madencili\u011fi, b\u00fcy\u00fck hacimli verilerde ilgin\u00e7 ve kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131 kal\u0131plar\u0131 ve ili\u015fkileri ke\u015ffetme y\u00f6ntemidir. 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R'de konumsal verilerle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmadan \u00f6nce R dilinin baz\u0131 temellerini bilmek gerekebilir. Daha \u00f6nce R ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131ysan\u0131z veya bilgilerinizi tazelemek i\u00e7in bu k\u0131sa giri\u015fe\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;IT Journals&quot;","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/2021-07-04.png?fit=1200%2C466&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":2490,"url":"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/07\/31\/chromium-os-ve-crostini-ile-kendi-chrome-linux-isletim-sisteminizi-olusturun\/","url_meta":{"origin":2572,"position":4},"title":"Chromium OS ve Crostini ile kendi Chrome \/ Linux i\u015fletim sisteminizi olu\u015fturun","date":"July 31, 2018","format":"aside","excerpt":"Google yava\u015f\u00e7a Chromebook'larda Linux uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in destek eklemeye ba\u015fl\u0131yor. 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