{"id":12055,"date":"2021-07-04T22:29:36","date_gmt":"2021-07-04T19:29:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/?p=12055"},"modified":"2021-07-06T22:44:05","modified_gmt":"2021-07-06T19:44:05","slug":"r-spatial","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2021\/07\/04\/r-spatial\/","title":{"rendered":"R Spatial"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<!-- Facebook Like Button Vivacity Infotech BEGIN -->\n<div class=\"fb-like\" data-href=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2021\/07\/04\/r-spatial\/\" data-layout=\"standard\" data-action=\"like\" data-show-faces=\"false\" data-size=\"small\" data-width=\"450\" data-share=\"1\" ><\/div>\n<!-- Facebook Like Button Vivacity Infotech END -->\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover aligncenter has-background-dim\"><img data-attachment-id=\"12056\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2021\/07\/04\/r-spatial\/2021-07-04\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/2021-07-04.png?fit=1886%2C732&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1886,732\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2021-07-04\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/2021-07-04.png?fit=300%2C116&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/2021-07-04.png?fit=700%2C271&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"272\" class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-12056\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/2021-07-04.png?resize=700%2C272&#038;ssl=1\" data-object-fit=\"cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/2021-07-04.png?w=1886&amp;ssl=1 1886w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/2021-07-04.png?resize=300%2C116&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/2021-07-04.png?resize=1024%2C397&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/2021-07-04.png?resize=768%2C298&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/2021-07-04.png?resize=1536%2C596&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/2021-07-04.png?w=1400&amp;ssl=1 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-large-font-size\">R Spatial<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2>Giri\u015f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;Burada, R ile konumsal analiz ve modelleme hakk\u0131nda bilgi vermeye ve ilgili kaynaklar\u0131 payla\u015fmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131z. Burada asl\u0131nda R ile veri i\u015flemenin temellerini ele al\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>R&#8217;de konumsal verilerle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmadan \u00f6nce R dilinin baz\u0131 temellerini bilmek gerekebilir. Daha \u00f6nce R ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131ysan\u0131z veya bilgilerinizi tazelemek i\u00e7in bu k\u0131sa <a href=\"https:\/\/rspatial.org\/intr\/index.html\">giri\u015fe<\/a> (<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/\" target=\"_blank\">T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi<\/a> ve <a href=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2020\/12\/24\/r-kodlama\/\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2020\/12\/24\/r-kodlama\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">R kodlama ile ilgili<\/a>) bir g\u00f6z at\u0131n. R veri bilimi i\u00e7in yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan bir programlama dili ve yaz\u0131l\u0131m ortam\u0131d\u0131r. R ayr\u0131ca konumsal modelleme i\u00e7in konumsal verileri analiz etmek i\u00e7in benzersiz f\u0131rsatlar sunar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>R Spatial\u2019\u0131n \u201cterra\u201d versiyonu ve \u201craster\u201d olmak \u00fczere iki versiyonu bulunmaktad\u0131r. <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/terra\/index.html\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/terra\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">&#8220;terra&#8221; paketi<\/a>, &#8220;raster&#8221; yerini alan yeni bir R paketidir. \u201cterra\u201dn\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131 daha kolayd\u0131r, daha fazla i\u015flevselli\u011fe sahiptir daha da h\u0131zl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu nedenle, \u015f\u00fcpheniz varsa terra s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kullan\u0131n. (<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2020\/12\/24\/r-kodlama\/#Kutuphane-Library\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2020\/12\/24\/r-kodlama\/#Kutuphane-Library\" target=\"_blank\">paketlerin kullan\u0131m\u0131 ile ilgili bilgi almak i\u00e7in t\u0131klay\u0131n<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Belki \u00f6nce Spatial verinin Jeo-uzamsal veri olarak da bilinen co\u011frafi konum verisi oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyerek ba\u015flamak laz\u0131m. Co\u011frafi konum verisi, d\u00fcnya y\u00fczeyindeki belirli bir konumu veya bu konum hakk\u0131ndaki bilgiyi tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan bir terimdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bir\u00e7oklar\u0131 i\u00e7in &#8216;co\u011frafi konum&nbsp; verisi&#8217; kelimesi do\u011frudan &#8216;harita&#8217; anlam\u0131na gelebilir. Haritalar, kesinlikle co\u011frafi konum&nbsp; verilerini g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclemek i\u00e7in harika bir yol, ancak co\u011frafi konum verisi \u00e7ok daha fazla veri i\u00e7erebilir. Sonu\u00e7ta, dikkat edecek olursak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz ve yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z her \u015feyin bir t\u00fcr konumsal bile\u015feni var.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Konumsal verileri ve belirli de\u011fi\u015fkenlerinin hayat\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 nas\u0131l etkiledi\u011fini analiz ederek, belirli konumsal ili\u015fkilerin neden var oldu\u011fu hakk\u0131nda daha fazla bilgi edinebiliriz. Belirli yerler neden pop\u00fcler seyahat noktalar\u0131d\u0131r? Bir marka neden bir \u00fclkede ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olurken di\u011ferinde de\u011fil? \u0130nsan davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ve bu gezegen \u00fczerindeki etkimizi daha iyi anlamak i\u00e7in mek\u00e2nsal ve konum verisi uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 benimsemeye ba\u015flaman\u0131n zaman\u0131 geldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">Bir \u00f6rnekle ba\u015flamak istersek d\u00f6n\u00fcp 1854 de Londra&#8217;da Dr. John Snow&#8217;un kolera salg\u0131n\u0131 ile ilgili yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 incelemek yeterli olur san\u0131r\u0131m.&nbsp; Tarihin o d\u00f6neminde insanlar koleran\u0131n havadan yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131yorlard\u0131. Ancak Dr. Snow bu hipoteze \u015f\u00fcpheyle yakla\u015f\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/images.safe.com\/photos\/misc\/cholera-well-map-1854.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-attachment-id=\"12057\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2021\/07\/04\/r-spatial\/cholera-well-map-1854\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/cholera-well-map-1854.jpg?fit=300%2C252&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"300,252\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"cholera-well-map-1854\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/cholera-well-map-1854.jpg?fit=300%2C252&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/cholera-well-map-1854.jpg?fit=300%2C252&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"300\" height=\"252\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/cholera-well-map-1854.jpg?resize=300%2C252&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12057 size-full\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\"\/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>Bu salg\u0131n\u0131 daha iyi anlamak i\u00e7in bir \u015fehir haritas\u0131nda hastal\u0131ktan etkilenenlerin evlerini i\u015faretledi . B\u00f6ylece enfekte olanlar ile ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 yer aras\u0131nda bir ili\u015fki oldu\u011funu fark etti. John Snow, bu basit konumsal analiz t\u00fcr\u00fcnden, kolera salg\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n as\u0131l su\u00e7lusunu &#8211; kirlenmi\u015f vir\u00fcsl\u00fc bir su kuyusunu &#8211; belirlemeyi ba\u015fard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu analiz, bu kuyunun kapat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayarak bir\u00e7ok hayat kurtard\u0131. Sadece \u00f6l\u00fcm oran\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmekle kalmad\u0131, ayn\u0131 zamanda bu, koleran\u0131n asl\u0131nda hava yoluyla bula\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ama kirlenmi\u015f, vir\u00fcsl\u00fc yiyecek ve i\u00e7eceklerin al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n bir sonucu oldu\u011funu belirleyen bir kan\u0131t da sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>terra&#8217;n\u0131n en son yay\u0131nlanan s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc install.packages(&#8220;terra&#8221;) komutu ile CRAN&#8217;dan y\u00fckleyebilirsiniz. Geli\u015ftirme s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/rspatial\/terra\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/github.com\/rspatial\/terra\" target=\"_blank\">github&#8217;da<\/a> mevcuttur ve kurulum i\u00e7in oradaki y\u00f6nlendirmelere bak\u0131n. Raster ve sp paketleri ile ayn\u0131 malzeme i\u00e7in  <a href=\"https:\/\/rspatial.org\/raster\/index.html\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/rspatial.org\/raster\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">t\u0131klay\u0131n<\/a>. Github sitesi, hata oldu\u011funa inand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z \u015feyleri (yaz\u0131l\u0131mdaki hatalar) bildirmek veya yeni i\u015flevler ve iyile\u015ftirmeler talep etmek i\u00e7in iyi bir yerdir. terra&#8217;n\u0131n nas\u0131l kullan\u0131laca\u011f\u0131na dair sorular\u0131 <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/gis.stackexchange.com\/\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/gis.stackexchange.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">gis.stackexchange<\/a> veya stackoverflow \u00fczerinden sorabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Konumsal veriler \u00e7o\u011funlukla di\u011fer veriler gibidir. Ayn\u0131 genel ilkeler ge\u00e7erlidir. Ancak, di\u011fer veri t\u00fcrlerinde yayg\u0131n olmayan konumsal verileri kullan\u0131rken dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemli olan birka\u00e7 \u015fey vard\u0131r. Bunlar \u00f6l\u00e7ek ve b\u00f6lgeleme, mesafe ve konumsal otokorelasyon konular\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7ermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Konumsal olaylar genellikle ya net s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 olan ayr\u0131 nesneler olarak ya da her yerde g\u00f6zlemlenebilen ancak do\u011fal s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 olmayan olaylar \u015feklinde s\u00fcrekli olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir. Ayr\u0131k mekansal nesneler bir nehir, yol, \u00fclke, kasaba veya bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma alan\u0131na at\u0131fta bulunabilir. S\u00fcrekli olaylar veya &#8220;konumsal alanlar&#8221; \u00f6rnekleri aras\u0131nda y\u00fckseklik, s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve hava kalitesi bulunur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Konumsal nesneler genellikle vekt\u00f6r verileriyle temsil edilir. Bu t\u00fcr veriler, nesnelerin &#8220;geometrisi&#8221; veya &#8220;\u015fekli&#8221; tan\u0131m\u0131ndan olu\u015fur ve normalde ek de\u011fi\u015fkenler de i\u00e7erir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir vekt\u00f6r veri seti, d\u00fcnya \u00fclkelerinin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 (geometri) tan\u0131mlayabilir ve ayr\u0131ca adlar\u0131n\u0131 ve 2015&#8217;teki n\u00fcfuslar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc; veya bir b\u00f6lgedeki yollar\u0131n geometrisini, t\u00fcrlerini ve adlar\u0131n\u0131 saklayabilir. Bu ek de\u011fi\u015fkenlere genellikle &#8220;nitelikler&#8221; denir. S\u00fcrekli konumsal veriler (alanlar) genellikle bir raster veri yap\u0131s\u0131yla temsil edilir. Bu arada &#8220;raster&#8221; g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc tarama verisidir. Ka\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerine \u00e7izilmi\u015f haritalar\u0131n taranmas\u0131yla elde edilen veri \u00e7e\u015fididir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>R Spatial&#8217;da mekan veri iki t\u00fcrde olabiliyor vekt\u00f6r veri ve raster veri. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong><em>Vekt\u00f6r veri<\/em> <\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ana vekt\u00f6r veri t\u00fcrleri noktalar, \u00e7izgiler ve poligonlard\u0131r. Her durumda, bu veri yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n geometrisi, (x, y) koordinat \u00e7iftinden olu\u015fur. Noktalar en basit durumdur. Her noktan\u0131n bir koordinat \u00e7ifti ve n ili\u015fkili de\u011fi\u015fkeni vard\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir nokta, bir farenin kapana k\u0131s\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir yeri temsil edebilir ve \u00f6zellikleri; yakaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihi, onu yakalayan ki\u015fiyi, t\u00fcr\u00fcn boyutunu ve cinsiyetini ve habitatla ilgili bilgileri i\u00e7erebilir. Birka\u00e7 noktay\u0131 tek bir \u00f6znitelik kayd\u0131yla \u00e7ok noktal\u0131 bir yap\u0131da birle\u015ftirmek de m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir kasabadaki t\u00fcm kahve d\u00fckkanlar\u0131 veya eczaneler tek bir geometri olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img data-attachment-id=\"12080\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2021\/07\/04\/r-spatial\/spatial_data_types_o\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/spatial_data_types_o.jpg?fit=638%2C479&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"638,479\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"spatial_data_types_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/spatial_data_types_o.jpg?fit=300%2C225&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/spatial_data_types_o.jpg?fit=638%2C479&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"638\" height=\"479\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/spatial_data_types_o.jpg?resize=638%2C479&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12080 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/spatial_data_types_o.jpg?w=638&amp;ssl=1 638w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/spatial_data_types_o.jpg?resize=300%2C225&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 638px) 100vw, 638px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>\u00c7izgilerin geometrisi ise biraz daha karma\u015f\u0131kt\u0131r. \u0130lk olarak, &#8216;\u00e7izgi&#8217; teriminin bir veya daha fazla \u00e7oklu \u00e7izgi k\u00fcmesini (ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00e7izgi segmentleri serisini) ifade etti\u011fini unutmay\u0131n. \u00d6rne\u011fin, mek\u00e2nsal analizde, bir nehir ve t\u00fcm kollar\u0131 tek bir &#8216;hat&#8217; olarak kabul edilebilir (ancak ayn\u0131 zamanda birka\u00e7 hat da olabilir, belki de her bir yan nehir i\u00e7in bir hat). \u00c7izgiler, s\u0131ral\u0131 koordinat k\u00fcmeleri (d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmler) olarak temsil edilir. Noktalar\u0131 birle\u015ftirerek ger\u00e7ek \u00e7izgi par\u00e7alar\u0131 hesaplanabilir (ve bir harita \u00fczerinde \u00e7izilebilir). Bu nedenle, bir \u00e7izginin temsili, \u00e7ok noktal\u0131 bir yap\u0131n\u0131nkine \u00e7ok benzer. Temel fark, noktalar\u0131n s\u0131ralanmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli olmas\u0131d\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc hangi noktalar\u0131n ba\u011flanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini bilmemiz gerekir. Bir a\u011f (\u00f6rne\u011fin bir yol veya nehir a\u011f\u0131) veya konumsal grafik, ak\u0131\u015f, ba\u011flant\u0131, y\u00f6n ve mesafe gibi \u015feyler hakk\u0131nda ek bilgilerin bulundu\u011fu \u00f6zel bir \u00e7izgi geometrisi t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Bir poligon, bir dizi kapal\u0131 \u00e7oklu \u00e7izgiyi ifade eder. Geometri, \u00e7izgilerinkine \u00e7ok benzer, ancak bir poligonu kapatmak i\u00e7in son koordinat \u00e7ifti ilk \u00e7iftle \u00e7ak\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Poligonlarla ilgili bir komplikasyon, deliklere sahip olmalar\u0131d\u0131r( bu, \u00e7evreleyen \u00e7okgenin par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karmaya yarayan, tamamen ba\u015fka bir \u00e7okgen taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7evrelenmi\u015f bir \u00e7okgendir.(\u00f6rne\u011fin, bir g\u00f6l\u00fcn i\u00e7indeki bir aday\u0131 g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in. Ayr\u0131ca, ge\u00e7erli \u00e7okgenler kendileriyle kesi\u015fmezler (ancak bir \u00e7izginin kendi kendini kesmesi uygundur). Yine, \u00e7oklu \u00e7okgenler tek bir geometri olarak kabul edilebilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin Endonezya bir\u00e7ok adadan olu\u015fur. Her ada tek bir \u00e7okgen ile temsil edilebilir, ancak daha sonra birlikte t\u00fcm \u00fclkeyi temsil eden tek (\u00e7oklu) bir \u00e7okgen temsil edilebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover aligncenter has-background-dim\" style=\"min-height:351px\"><img data-attachment-id=\"12094\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2021\/07\/04\/r-spatial\/guid-cc2d28f9-b2cf-47af-80be-3ca13e04e596-web\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/GUID-CC2D28F9-B2CF-47AF-80BE-3CA13E04E596-web.gif?fit=465%2C189&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"465,189\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"GUID-CC2D28F9-B2CF-47AF-80BE-3CA13E04E596-web\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/GUID-CC2D28F9-B2CF-47AF-80BE-3CA13E04E596-web.gif?fit=300%2C122&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/GUID-CC2D28F9-B2CF-47AF-80BE-3CA13E04E596-web.gif?fit=465%2C189&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"465\" height=\"189\" class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-12094\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/GUID-CC2D28F9-B2CF-47AF-80BE-3CA13E04E596-web.gif?resize=465%2C189&#038;ssl=1\" data-object-fit=\"cover\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\"\/><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-large-font-size\">Vekt\u00f6r &#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;- Raster<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3><strong><em>Raster veri<\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Raster veriler, y\u00fckseklik gibi konumsal olarak s\u00fcrekli olaylar\u0131 temsil etmek i\u00e7in yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. D\u00fcnyay\u0131 bir \u0131zgarada d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f ayr\u0131 kare veya dikd\u00f6rtgen h\u00fccrelere b\u00f6lerek co\u011frafi \u00f6zellikleri temsil eder. Her h\u00fccre, o konumun s\u0131cakl\u0131k, y\u00fckseklik veya spektral de\u011fer gibi baz\u0131 \u00f6zelliklerini temsil etmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan bir de\u011fere sahiptir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu h\u00fccrelerin her birine piksel (pixel) ad\u0131 verilir. Piksel \u0130ngilizce s\u00f6zc\u00fck anlam\u0131 olarak picture element (resim eleman\u0131) teriminin k\u0131saltmas\u0131d\u0131r. Picture (resim) s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in pix k\u0131saltmas\u0131 kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Piksel say\u0131sal ortamda bir<br>resmin b\u00f6l\u00fcnemeyen en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Raster veri setlerinde \u00f6znitelik veri de\u011ferleri her bir piksele atan\u0131r. Bu de\u011ferler, deniz seviyesinden y\u00fckseklik, arazi kullan\u0131m de\u011feri vb. gibi n\u00fcmerik veya alfa-n\u00fcmerik de\u011ferler olabilir. Raster veride konumsal verinin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc piksel boyutu ile belirlenir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Raster verinin sol \u00fcst k\u00f6\u015fe koordinat\u0131, piksel boyutu ve d\u00fczenli grid verinin boyutu (ka\u00e7 piksele ka\u00e7 piksel oldu\u011fu) bilindi\u011finde, sat\u0131r ve kolonlardan olu\u015fan matris yap\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde veri koordinatlar\u0131 kolayl\u0131kla hesaplanabilmektedir. Grid yap\u0131s\u0131 bilgisayar yordamlar\u0131 ile iki boyutlu dizinler (array) olarak kodland\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, analitik ve cebirsel hesaplamalar h\u0131zl\u0131 ve kolay yap\u0131labilmektedir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img data-attachment-id=\"12099\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2021\/07\/04\/r-spatial\/1-figure1-1\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/1-Figure1-1.png?fit=471%2C220&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"471,220\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"1-Figure1-1\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/1-Figure1-1.png?fit=300%2C140&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/1-Figure1-1.png?fit=471%2C220&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"471\" height=\"220\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/1-Figure1-1.png?resize=471%2C220&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12099 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/1-Figure1-1.png?w=471&amp;ssl=1 471w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/1-Figure1-1.png?resize=300%2C140&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 471px) 100vw, 471px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">Veri boyutunun b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc nedeni ile raster verilerde genellikle 1-bit ikili (binary) veri de\u011feri kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Matematiksel olarak her piksel 0 veya 1 de\u011ferini alabilir. Veri boyutu b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fclerek piksel de\u011feri 8-bit veri de\u011ferine \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131larak 256 farkl\u0131 de\u011fer alabilir.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:28px\">Kaynaklar:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Giri\u015f &nbsp;Burada, R ile konumsal analiz ve modelleme hakk\u0131nda bilgi vermeye ve ilgili kaynaklar\u0131 payla\u015fmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131z. Burada asl\u0131nda R ile veri i\u015flemenin temellerini ele al\u0131yoruz. R&#8217;de konumsal verilerle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmadan \u00f6nce R dilinin baz\u0131 temellerini bilmek gerekebilir. Daha \u00f6nce R ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131ysan\u0131z veya bilgilerinizi tazelemek i\u00e7in bu k\u0131sa giri\u015fe (T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi ve R kodlama ile ilgili) bir&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":12056,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":true,"template":"","format":"aside","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_is_tweetstorm":false,"jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":[]},"categories":[174,427],"tags":[456,459,455,458,457],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/2021-07-04.png?fit=1886%2C732&ssl=1","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p4aIZ6-38r","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":8650,"url":"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2020\/05\/21\/r-giris-2\/","url_meta":{"origin":12055,"position":0},"title":"R- Giri\u015f devam\u0131","date":"May 21, 2020","format":"aside","excerpt":"http:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/Ba\u015flarken baz\u0131 ta\u015flar yerine oturmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.. San\u0131r\u0131m art\u0131k daha hakimim.. Ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fim projeyi de ekleyece\u011fim. \u015eimdilik projenin \u0130ngilizce versiyonunun videosunu haz\u0131rl\u0131yorum.\u0130lerlemek i\u00e7in benim a\u00e7\u0131mdan gerekli olan ger\u00e7ek hayatla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 bir proje - Covid19 grafikleri gibi- ve \u00f6\u011frenmeye devam edebilece\u011fim kaynaklar gerekli.Ger\u00e7ek proje olunca \u00f6\u011frenme daha anlaml\u0131 ve daha kal\u0131c\u0131 oluyor. Kaynaklara gelince\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;IT Journals&quot;","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/robot1-Techmuseumofinnovation.jpg?fit=1200%2C900&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":10640,"url":"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2020\/12\/24\/r-kodlama\/","url_meta":{"origin":12055,"position":1},"title":"R &#8211; Kodlama","date":"December 24, 2020","format":"aside","excerpt":"R, istatistiksel hesaplama, veri analiti\u011fi ve bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmada yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan bir programlama dili ve ortam\u0131d\u0131r. Daha \u00f6nceki yaz\u0131m ile R - Giri\u015f ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda R ortam\u0131 ve R veri tipleri ile ilgili yazmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131m, dizilerle devam edece\u011fim orada. Ama \u015fimdiki bo\u015flu\u011fu da f\u0131rsat bilip R - Kodlama ile ilgili\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;IT Journals&quot;","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/123942342_10158184411279011_3848842236204647347_o.jpg?fit=1200%2C992&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":2572,"url":"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/11\/09\/r-giris\/","url_meta":{"origin":12055,"position":2},"title":"R &#8211; Giri\u015f","date":"November 9, 2018","format":"aside","excerpt":"R, istatistiksel hesaplama ve grafikler i\u00e7in bir dil ve ortamd\u0131r. T-testi, ki-kare testleri, standart do\u011frusal modeller, enstr\u00fcmental de\u011fi\u015fkenler tahmini, yerel polinom regresyonlar\u0131, vb. gibi \u00e7ok say\u0131da istatistiksel prosed\u00fcr i\u00e7erir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda y\u00fcksek seviye grafik yetenekleri sa\u011flar. R, \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli UNIX platformlar\u0131 ve benzer sistemleri (FreeBSD ve Linux dahil), Windows ve\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;IT Journals&quot;","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/robot1-Techmuseumofinnovation.jpg?fit=1200%2C900&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":2503,"url":"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2018\/09\/06\/veri-madenciligi-giris\/","url_meta":{"origin":12055,"position":3},"title":"Veri madencili\u011fi &#8211; Giris","date":"September 6, 2018","format":"aside","excerpt":"Veri Madencili\u011fi Nedir? Bilgisayar biliminde, ham verilerin faydal\u0131 bilgilere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesi s\u00fcrecidir. Bilgi ke\u015ffi olarak da adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z, veri madencili\u011fi, b\u00fcy\u00fck hacimli verilerde ilgin\u00e7 ve kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131 kal\u0131plar\u0131 ve ili\u015fkileri ke\u015ffetme y\u00f6ntemidir. Makine \u00f6\u011frenimi, istatistik, yapay zeka ve veritaban\u0131 teknolojilerini kullanan ve bunlar\u0131n ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 birle\u015ftiren \u00e7ok disiplinli bir beceridir. Veri madencili\u011fi, i\u015f d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;IT Journals&quot;","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/aIMG_7371.jpg?fit=960%2C720&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":12586,"url":"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2021\/11\/17\/cografya-haftasi-ve-cbsgunu\/","url_meta":{"origin":12055,"position":4},"title":"Co\u011frafya haftas\u0131 ve CBSG\u00fcn\u00fc","date":"November 17, 2021","format":"aside","excerpt":"\u00c7ok say\u0131da insan jeo-uzamsal sorunlar\u0131 anlayam\u0131yor ve hatta k\u00fcresel vatanda\u015flar olarak bunlar\u0131n etkilerini bilemiyor ve etkili kararlar alam\u0131yor. Kas\u0131m ay\u0131n\u0131n her \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc haftas\u0131nda \u00f6\u011frenciler, aileler ve topluluk \u00fcyeleri s\u0131n\u0131fta dersler, oyunlar ve meydan okumalar ile genellikle politikac\u0131lar ve i\u015f liderleriyle toplant\u0131lara ev sahipli\u011fi yaparak co\u011frafyan\u0131n \u00f6nemine odaklanmay\u0131 sa\u011flarlar.Co\u011frafya Fark\u0131ndal\u0131k Haftas\u0131,\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;CBS&quot;","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/IMG_20180713_134511.jpg?fit=1200%2C900&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":12680,"url":"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/2022\/12\/18\/mekansal-veri-bilimiyle-ilgili\/","url_meta":{"origin":12055,"position":5},"title":"Mek\u00e2nsal veri bilimiyle ilgili","date":"December 18, 2022","format":"aside","excerpt":"Mek\u00e2nsal veri bilimi, verimizi yararl\u0131 bir eylemle bilgilere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in mek\u00e2nsal algoritmalar, makine \u00f6\u011frenmesi, istatistik ve derin \u00f6\u011frenmedeki en son ve en iyi tekniklerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra denenmi\u015f ve do\u011frulanm\u0131\u015f, daha geleneksel tekniklerden baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 da kullanarak temelde sorunlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmekle ilgili bilim dal\u0131d\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, bilgisayar bilimi, istatistik ve programlama ge\u00e7mi\u015fine sahip, daha\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;CBS&quot;","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/1669300543902.png?fit=1110%2C297&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12055"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12055"}],"version-history":[{"count":18,"href":"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12055\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12101,"href":"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12055\/revisions\/12101"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/12056"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12055"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12055"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oyasanli.com\/oyasblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12055"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}